AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2017| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2017
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the
questions.
1. Give very short answer: 1x12=12
a) What is the
essence of induction proper?
Ans:- Inductive leap
or danger is the very essence of induction.
b) Is
perfect induction an induction proper?
Ans:- No.
c) What is
the ground of Analogy?
Ans.
Resemblance is the ground of Analogy.
d) “A cause
is the sum-total of conditions positive and negative taken together” – Who said
the statement?
Ans:- John Stuart
Mill.
e) “The law of
causation is the material ground of induction” – is it true?
Ans:- Yes.
f) What is ‘Vera
Causa’?
Ans.
If the hypothesis refers to an agent or cause, it should be a Vera cause. The
term ‘Vera cause’ literally means a true cause.
g) What is the
meaning of the Latin word ‘Mores’?
Ans.
‘Mores’ means customs or habits.
h) Who is the
founder of scientific realism?
Ans.
British Philosopher John Locke
i) “Observation
is finding a fact and experiment is making one” – Who said this?
Ans:- According to
Bain, 'observation is finding a fact and making an experiment.'
j) How many
Purusarthas are there?
Ans.
There are four Purusarthas.
k) Is ethics
a positive science?
Ans.
No, it is not a practical science.
l) From
which Sanskrit root the word ‘Dharma’ is derived?
Ans:- The word
'religion' is derived from the Sanskrit root word 'dhri', which means
'continuous'.
2. Define scientific
induction? 2
Ans. Scientific
induction is the establishment of a general real proposition, based on
observation of particular instances in reliance on the principle of the
uniformity of nature and the law of causation. Example: all mean are mortal.
3. Explain very briefly why the conclusion of
unscientific induction is probable. 2
Ans: - Conclusion of unscientific induction
only in potential. It can never reach the certainty of scientific induction.
Because there is no attempt to clarify by proving any causal relationship
between the facts.
4. Why observation and experiment are called
the material grounds of induction? 2
Ans: - Induction establishes general
propositions on the examination of particular examples and these special
examples which form the material of induction are supplied by observation and
experiment. Thus, we conclude that "all people are mortals." Examples
of the deaths of particular individuals from which the general proposition is
established are supplied by observation. Again, in some cases, the experiment
supplies the material.
5. State two advantages of simple
observation. 2
Ans:- Two
advantages of simple observation are –
a)
The scope of simple observation is
wider than in experiment as it can be applied universally.
b)
In observation, we can proceed from a
cause to the effect as well as from an effect to its cause.
Or
What do you mean by
‘Paradox of
Induction’? 2
Ans.
Mill’s contradictory statement regarding the principle of the Uniformity of
Nature is known as the paradox of induction. It simple means that the ground of
induction is itself the result of induction. Mills calls it a fundamental
principle or general axiom of induction and an assumption implied in every
cases of induction. It is the ground of all kinds of induction.
6. Mention two features of scientific
realism. 2
Ans: - Two features of scientific realism: -
(i) Like other
forms of realism, scientific realism also holds that the object of knowledge is
independent of the mind of the knower.
(ii) We cannot
know anything directly. We can know it by its properties. Primary qualities are
independent of the mind of the knower. In contrast, secondary qualities are
dependent on the mind.
7. Define primary qualities with
examples. 2
Ans. The qualities which are independent of the
knowing mind or the qualities which are objective properties of an object are
called the primary qualities. These primary qualities are the fundamental
qualities of an object in the sense that they are the objective qualities and
the necessary properties of an object. These qualities remain unchanged through
all the changes of time and place.
8. What is the meaning of ‘esse est
percipii’? 2
Ans. The meaning of “Esse Est Percipi” is that the
existence of a thing consists in its being perceived. Berkeley holds that as
all knowledge come from experience, we know nothing but the ideas of our minds.
Since what we perceive is an ideal of the mind, thus the conception of extra
mental matter is a dogmatic and superfluous assumption. The external world does
not exist and consequently, the primary and the secondary qualities are
subjective ideas of the mind. Berkeley admits the existence of minds alone of
the finite minds and of God or the infinite Mind. His doctrine is known as
Subjective Idealism.
9. Name the form of idealism with which
dialectical method is associated. State the name of the philosopher who
advocated this
method. 2
Ans: Objective idealism is associated with
dialectical method. Hegel advocates this method.
10. State two features of objective
idealism. 2
Ans: - Two features of objective idealism: -
(i) The final
thought, according to Hegel, is the ultimate reality. The Absolute manifests
its ideas through finite ideas.
(ii) The relation
between absolute thought and the world of things and mind is that one cannot
exist without the other.
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