AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2018| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2018
LOGIC AND
PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks:
100
Pass Marks:
30
Time: Three
hours
The figures
in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
1. Give very short answer: 1x12=12
a)
What is induction improperly so
called?
Ans:- Processes stimulating induction.
b)
Is
the conclusion of scientific induction certain?
Ans:- Yes
c)
What
is the basis of unscientific induction?
Ans:- In impersonal induction, a general
substantive proposition is established only on the basis of a similar or
uncontrolled experience without the search for a causal connection.
d)
“Plans like men have birth, growth,
decay and death. Men possess intelligence, therefore plants also possess
intelligence”. – What type of analogical argument is this?
Ans:- Bad analogical argument.
e)
“The course of the world is not a
uniformity, but uniformities.” – Who said this?
Ans:- Bain.
f)Can there
be more than one cause of an effect?
Ans:- No.
g)
What
is working hypothesis?
Ans. Sometimes it may be that there is some
phenomenon to be explained but it is of such an unfamiliar kind that we are not
able to make any supposition at all as to its cause or law of operation.
h)
Give
one example of a secondary quality.
Ans:- Taste.
i) Name the philosopher who said that
esse est percipi?
Ans:- Berkeley.
j) What is called a voluntary action?
Ans. Voluntary actions are actions performed
by an agent deliberately and intentionally in order to realize some foreseen
ends.
k)
Give
one example of a non-moral action.
Ans:- Hurricanes.
l) From which Latin word the term
“Religion” has been derived?
Ans:- Religio.
2. What is a good analogy? 2
Ans:-
The strength of Analogy depends on the number and the importance of the points
of the difference and the number of the unknown points. So, a God analogy means
an argument in which a conclusion is drawn from the presence of essential
resemblance between two things.
3.
Name the theory according to which Thought and Reality are at bottom identical
(Reality is rational). Who advocates the theory? 2
Ans:-
In the preceding chapters of this study we are particularly concerned with
Hegel's theory of the nature of thought. We have learned that, according to his
theory, thought is co-extensive with experience and consequently with reality
itself: there is no opposition to it.
4. Define inductive leap. 2
Ans.
According to Mill, induction is a process “from the known to the unknown”. Bain
calls this the “inductive leap”. So, inductive leap consists in passing from
the observed cases to the unobserved cases. But this passage from the observed
to the unobserved involves some risk. For Mill and Bain, “Inductive leap” is
the very essence of Induction. If there is no “Inductive leap”, the process
cannot be called Induction all.
5. What is the meaning of the law of
the conservation of matter and energy? 2
Ans:-
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy is that the total
energy of an isolated system is constant and is said to be conserved over time.
Or
What is the intellectual condition of observation? 2
Ans:-
The intellectual state of observation is a method of observation where we
observe intellectually.
6. Why the conclusion of analogical
argument is possible? 2
Ans:-
Analogical arguments are those inductions where a conclusion is derived from a
comparison of similarities between two or more cases. As to induction, Analogical
arguments can only give possible conclusions, not certain ones.
7. State Mill’s cannon of the Method
of Agreement. 2
Ans:-
Mill's canon for the method of agreement is that "if two or more instances
of the event under investigation occur in only one circumstance, then the
circumstance in which all instances alone agree, the cause (or effect) of the
given event is."
8.
Name the experimental method which determines the quantitative relation between
cause and effect. 2
Ans:- Method of
Concomitant variation.
9.
Can an action of an insane person be called a moral action? Give one reason in
support of your views. 1+1
Ans:- No, because
they don’t have the sense of moral quality to justify right and wrong.
10.
What is the meaning of ‘intention’? 2
Ans: The idea or
idea of the object which stimulates the state of desire for its attainment is
called motive.
Motive is the efficient cause of action,
whereas intention is the ultimate cause of action. JS mentioned above Mill is
not right Both motive and intention are the ultimate cause of action.
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