AHSEC| CLASS 12| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2017| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2017
SOCIOLOGY
(THEORY)
Full
Marks: 100
Pass
Marks: 30
Time:
Three Hours
(The
figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions)
1. Answer the following questions: 1x12=12
(a) Where did Jyotiba
Phule open the first school for women?
Ans:- Pune.
(b) Name two newspapers being published in India.
Ans:- (i) The Times of India, (ii) The Telegraph.
(c) When was the RTI Act passed and when did it come into force?
Ans:- RTI Act was passed on June 15 in
the year 2005 and came into force on October 13, 2005.
(d) Who founded the Indian Brahmo Samaj?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
(e) Name few means of mass communication.
Ans:- Mass communication simply means
the mass media like Radio, News Paper, Magazines.
(f) Who wrote the book “The Remembered Village”?
Ans:- M.
N. Srinivas.
(g) When was the first and the last census carried out in
Independent India?
Ans:- The first census survey was
carried out in India during British rule in between 1867-72.
(h) Who was Savitribai Phule?
Ans: Savitri Bai Phule was the Indian's
first headmasters of Pune girls H.S. School.
(i) What does the term “Dalit” literally mean in Indian language?
Ans:- The term ‘Dalit’ literally means’
downtrodden’ and conveys the sense of an oppressed people.
(j) In which year was the first registered trade union established
in India?
Ans:- 1918.
(k) Give two examples
of peasant movements in India.
Ans:- ‘Deccan riots’ of 1857 and Champaran Satyagraha.
(l) What is the total population of India according to the census of
2011?
Ans:- 121 crore.
2. Differentiate
between caste and varna. 2
Ans: The most common difference between 'caste' and 'varna' is that
while the classification of the four varnas is the same across India, there are
more localized classifications in the caste hierarchy that differ from region
to region.
3. Write the
meaning of globalization. 2
Ans:- Globalization
simply means increasing interdependence and interdependence among the nations
of the world. The whole concept of globalization cannot be explained in only
one way to understand. Different academic disciplines may focus on different
aspects of globalization.
4. State two
problems of tribal people. 2
Ans: (i) Due to poverty the tribals are forced to sell their land or
transfer it to outsiders.
(ii)
Tribal people are facing unemployment due to lack of education and skills.
5. What is
inequality? 2
Ans:- Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not
about individuals but about groups. Furthermore, they are social because they
are not economic, although there is a close relationship between social and
economic inequality.
6. Write the
meaning of Secularism. 2
Ans:- Secularization means the process of decline in the influence of
religion. Modernization theorists believe that modern societies have become
increasingly secular. Indicators of secularism are the decline in the influence
of religious organizations on the people, the decline in the level of
participation with religious organizations, etc.
7. Mention any
two characteristics of the Indian Constitution. 2
Ana:- Following
are the two features of Indian Constitution:-
(i) The Indian Constitution can be said to be the largest written
constitution in the world because of its content. It contained 395. Articles
and 12 Schedules and more than 80 amendments.
(ii) The Constitution of India is neither purely rigid nor purely
flexible. There is a harmonious blend of rigidity and flexibility.
8. What is meant
by liberalization? 2.
Ans:- Liberalization is a process by which the state control over
economic activities is relaxed and the market forces are left to decide.
Liberalization includes policies like privatization of public sector
enterprises, loosening of government. Regulation on capital, labour, trade etc.
9. Write
the meaning of green revolution. 2
Ans:- Green revolution was a government programme of agricultural
modernizations. It was largely funded by international agencies that was based
on hybrid seeds along with pesticides, fertilizers etc. Green revolution
programmes were introduced only in areas that had assured irrigation. It
targeted mainly at the wheat and rice growing areas.
10. Distinguish
between new social movement and old social movement. 2
Ans:- First, the historical context differs greatly between the old and
new social movements. Older social movements were either class based such as
the working class or the parents movement or the anti-colonial movement. Thus
the older social movements clearly saw the reorganization of power relations as
a central goal. On the other hand, the new social movements are neither class
based nor about the reorganization of state power.
11. Write two
merits of democracy. 2
Ans: The merits of democracy are:
(i)
Democracy upholds the doctrine of Natural Rights and widens the scope of equal
rights and opportunities. Democracy recognizes the principle that all men are
born free and equal.
(ii)
Democracy makes people patriotic. People identify their individual interests
with the whole state. It promotes healthy nationalism because people have a
share in the administration.
Demerits:
(i)
Democracy places more emphasis on quantity than on quality. The opinion of two
inexperienced men is more acceptable than opinion of an experienced man. Thus,
it becomes the rule of the average, not rule of the best.
(ii)
Democracy is criticised for fostering corruption. The political parties try to
capture power by any means and while doing so they indulge in various corrupt
practices and neglect the interests of the people.
12. What are the
problems that occur due to urbanization?
2
Ans:-
Urbanization causes urban centers to become over-populated – putting a heavy
burden on infrastructure like roads, sanitation, water supply, communication
systems etc. Also the development of industrial townships between villages
leaves some villages completely desolate. The influx of migrant workers not
only stimulates demand for homes and markets, but also creates problems or
systemic relationships between natives and immigrants.
13. Mention any
two features of social movements. 2
Ans:- Social movements are two characteristics:
(i) Social movements often arise with the aim of bringing about
change on a public issue.
(ii) Social movement chart campaign involving lobbying with
government, media and other important makers of public opinion.
14. Explain how
does caste play an important role in politics. 4
Ans:- Caste plays a very important role in elections and voting.
Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste structure in
the constituency. Voting in elections and gaining political support from top to
bottom runs on the basis of caste. The caste factor also influences the
formation of the Council of Ministers and the appointments to various political
posts in the government. Caste also acts as a pressure group in politics.
Political bargaining is also done on the basis of caste. Caste organizations
have emerged to organize the members of the caste for collective bargaining
with each other.
Administration has not escaped the influence of caste in India. The
appointments, transfers and appointments of government officials are affected
on the basis of caste. Even the behavior of government officials in the
performance of administrative duties is influenced by caste considerations.
15. Describe the
main features of rural society. 4
Ans:- Some of
the important features of rural society are as follows:
(i) Agricultural Society: In rural society, agriculture becomes the
sole occupation of the people. There are some other occupations like animal
husbandry, weaving, pottery making etc.
(ii) Simple Division of Labour: There is no significant division of
labor in rural societies. There are only a few specialized roles beyond the basic
division based on age and gender differences.
(iii) Importance of family: Rural society provides a remarkable
place to the family as an economic unit along with child birth, reproduction.
The whole family acts as a unit in sophistication and seeks orders from the
head of the family.
(iv) Simple and Equal Life: The life of people in rural society is
simple and equal. Unlike the urban societies, the people of the village lead a
simple and equal life.
16. Write
briefly about untouchability. 4
Ans: Untouchability is an extreme and particularly vicious consequence
of the caste system which prescribes stringent social sanctions against members
of castes below the purity-pollution scale. Strictly speaking, the untouchables
are outside the caste hierarchy, they are considered so 'impure' that their
mere touch seriously pollutes the members of all castes, bringing terrible
punishments for the former and elaborate purification rituals for the latter.
does. obliges to do. In fact, the notion of 'distance pollution' was present in
many areas of India, even the presence or shadow of an 'untouchable' person was
considered polluting. Despite the limited literal meaning of the word, the
institution of 'untouchability' refers not only to the avoidance or prohibition
of physical contact, but also to a broader set of social restrictions.
There are three main dimensions of untouchability – exclusion,
humiliation-subjugation and exploitation, all of which are equally important to
define the phenomenon. Dalits experience forms of exclusion that are unique and
not prevalent against other groups, for example, are forbidden to share
drinking water sources or participate in mass religious worship, social
gatherings and festivals.
17. Discuss
about communalism. 4
Ans:- Communalism means aggressive chauvinism based on the identity of
religion. Communalism is a political ideology that holds that religion replaces
all other aspects of the identity of individuals or groups with a generally
aggressive and hostile attitude towards individuals or groups of other
religious identities.
Communalism remains a sad and difficult reality in Indian politics.
Even after adopting the principles of secularism, communalism continues to
influence our politics. A very sad fact is that it is also increasing its
interrelationships and regional communalism exists in many forms in India, but
mainly in the form of communalism between the two largest Indian communities -
Hindus and Muslims. Other forms of main celebration have been communal
violence, religious riots, regional riots, tribal riots etc. Communalism in
India is generally considered to be a bad legacy of British rule. The presence
of some communal organizations and organizations and some fundamentalist
religious groups has fueled the communal fire in the present times. The
communalization of the political power struggle has also been an important
factor in giving strength to communalism in India.
18. Analyze the
merits of globalization. 4
Ans:- Following
are some of the merits of globalization:
(i) Globalization helps in linking all the resources together.
(ii) Globalization helps in the development of underdeveloped
countries.
(iii) Globalization encourages free trade between nations.
(iv) Globalization creates more employment opportunities.
19. Describe the
functions of modern family. 4
Ans: (i) Less control of the marriage contract Marriage is the basis
of the family: in the traditional family the marriage was contracted by the
parents. The marriage ceremony was based on the principle of male dominance and
female obedience. People in the modern family are less in parental control as
to whom and when they will marry. The marriage is now decided by the partners
themselves. This is usually the choice of a partner by a partner prior to
courtship or falling in love.
(ii) Change in the relationship between man and woman: In modern family, woman is not a devotee of man but equal partner
with equal rights in life. The husband no longer orders but requests the wife
to do only one thing for her. She is now free from the slavery of man. She is
no longer the slave and slave of the old days. She can divorce her husband as
husband can divorce her. She can sue the husband for her rights and hence she
can be sued.
(iii) Sexual dysfunction: The rigidity
traditionally associated with sexual relations is no longer characteristic of
the modern family, cases of illicit sex between husband and wife can also be
seen in the modern family.
(iv) Small Family: Modern family is a
small family. It is no longer a joint family. Also there is a tendency to have
a smaller family and contraceptives help with birth control.
20. Discuss the
means of electronic mass media. 4
Ans:- Radio, television, internet, telephone etc. are some of the
electronic mass media. Although radio and television are quite old as means of
communication, it was reborn with the emergence of satellite radio and
television. The staggering growth of private satellite television has been one
of the defining developments of contemporary India. On the other hand, the
advent of privately owned FM radio stations in 2002 promoted entertainment
programs on the radio. Privately run radio stations sought to provide entertainment
by broadcasting popular music to attract audiences. Along with privately owned
radio stations, we have also seen the growth of community owned radio stations.
Radio and TV, a part of the Internet, mobile phones etc. are some of
the important electronic means of communication.
By 1999, the telecom landscape in India had changed drastically. By
2006, India became the largest mobile phone user. Mobile phones help people
stay in touch with their family and friends. Most ads for mobile services
depicted mothers talking to their sons and daughters or grandparents to their
grandchildren. The mobile became so popular among the students that they wrote
a letter to the President of India opposing the decision to ban mobiles in the
university campus.
21. Write a note
on the functions of village Panchayat. 4
Ans:- Constitutionally Panchayats should be given the power and authority
to function as institutions of local self-government. The following powers and
responsibilities were entrusted to the Panchayats.
(i) To prepare plans and plans for economic development.
(ii) Promote schemes promoting social justice
(iii) levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, tees, etc.
(iv) To help in devolution of government responsibilities.
As
a unit of local self-government, the Panchayat has to bear certain social
welfare responsibilities.
Some such responsibilities are:-
(i) Kindling and maintenance of the graveyard.
(ii) Recording the status of births and deaths.
(iii) Promotion of family planning.
(iv) Establishment of child welfare centres.
22. Discuss the
types of social movements. 4
Ans: A social movement has a general orientation method to bring about
change on a public issue. There are different types of social movements.
They can be classified as:
(i) Redemption or transformational social movement.
(ii) the reformist social movement, and
(iii) Revolutionary social movement.
(i) Redemption or Transformational Social Movement: The aim of this social movement is to bring about a change in the
individual consciousness and actions of its individual member. For example, the
Ezhava community in Kerala was led by Narayana Guru to change their social
practices.
(ii) Reform Social Movement: This type
of social movement tries to change the existing social and political system
through successive incremental steps. The 1960 movement for the reorganization
of Indian states on the basis of language and the more recent Right to
Information campaign are examples of reformist movements.
(iii) Revolutionary Social Movement: This
movement often attempts to radically change social relations by seizing state
power. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia which overthrew the Tsar to create a
communist state and the Naxalite movement in India which seeks to remove the
oppressive landlords and state officials can be described as revolutionary
movements.
23. Write short
note on Sanskritization. 4
Ans: Sanskritization can be defined as the process by which, a lower
caste or tribe converts the customs, beliefs, ideology and way of life of a
higher and especially a Dwij (Dwij) caste.
The word 'Desanskritisation' is the exact opposite of
Sanskritisation. As a result of this process, the members of the upper castes
continue their ideas and ways of life. They do not hesitate to take up
occupations meant for members of the lower castes.
The construct of 'Sanskritisation' was initial introduced by
academic. M.N. notable indian srinivas Sociologist. He explained the construct
of Sanskritization in his book "Between faith and Society".
To describe the cultural dynamics within the ancient caste structure
of the Coorgs of South Bharat. Indian Society. In his study of the Coorgs of
Mysore he found that the lower castes were Trying to lift their position in
their caste hierarchy by adopting a number of the cultural ideals of Brahmins.
As a result he abandoned a number of his ideals that Brahmins think about
impure. To Srinivas used the term 'Brahminization' whereas explaining this
method of quality. later he referred to as it 'Sanskritisation' within the
broadest sense.
Defining sanskritisation, Srinivas writes, "Sanskritisation may
be a method by that lower caste or In what direction will the tribe or the
other cluster modification its customs, customs, ideology and approach of life?
Higher or additional frequent caste born double.
24. Define
tribe. Explain in brief the different features of
tribe. 2+4=6
Ans: Tribe is a modern term, which refers to very old communities, being
one of the oldest inhabitants of the subcontinent. The tribal communities
followed no religion with written text, had no state class division and had no
caste and were neither Hindus nor farmers. The term tribe was used in the
colonial era to refer to a very specific group of communities, mainly for
administrative convenience.
The various features of the tribe are:-
(i) The tribal people did not follow the religion with the written text.
(ii) The tribals did not have any state or political organization of
the normal type.
(iii) The tribals had no caste and were neither Hindus nor farmers.
(iv) The tribals lived in different geographical locations and
followed natural lifestyle according to the geographical location.
Or
Define joint family. Discuss in brief the major characteristics of
joint family.
Ans: Joint family can take various
forms. However, a joint family consists of more than one couple and often more
than two generations live together. It can be a group of brothers with their
individual families or elderly couple, their sons, grandchildren and their
families.
Following are the main features of joint family:
(i) Large Size: The size of the joint
family is large. This includes parents, children, grandchildren and their wives
as well as other close relatives.
(ii) Common Residence: The members of a
joint family generally live under one roof.
(iii) A productive unit: The joint
family acts as a productive unit. Joint family helps in agriculture and
business activities.
(iv) Joint Property: Property is owned,
produced and consumed on a joint basis. The head of the family is like a
trustee who manages the family property for the welfare of the family members.
25. What do you
mean by regionalism? What are the causes of emerging regionalism? 2+4=6
Ans:- In positive sense regionalism means the love for one’s area of
living. It is something natural. However, in the India its negative sense is
prevailing which means love for one’s own region over and above the country as
a whole. In India regionalism implies that regional and parochial demands are
made on the political system, which are opposed to the country as a whole. Now
regionalism poses a big strain upon nationalism and nation as a whole. It has
been a big hindrance in the process of national integration and
nation-building.
Some of the most important causes of regionalism in India are as
follows: (i) geographical factors (ii) historical and cultural factors (iii)
caste and region (iv) economic factors (v) politico-administrative factors.
(i) Geographical factors: Territorial
orientation based on geographical boundaries relating to the inhabitants of a
particular area which are symbolic at least in the Indian context. This is more
due to the linguistic distribution along the geographical boundaries.
(ii) Historical and Cultural Factors:
Historical or cultural factors can be considered as the major components of the
occurrence of regionalism in the Indian landscape. Historical and cultural
components explain regionalism through cultural heritage, folklore, myths,
symbolism and historical traditions.
(iii) Caste and Region: The caste system
and religion play only a minor role in creating regionalism in the Indian
society. Only when caste is combined with linguistic predominance or religion
can it create a regional feeling. Similarly religion is not so important unless
it is associated with linguistic homogeneity or based on dogma and conservatism
or economic deprivation.
(iv) Economic factors: In the present
times uneven development in different parts of the country can be considered as
the main reason for regionalism and separatism. There are few areas in the
country where industries and factories are concentrated, educational and health
facilities are adequately available, communication network has been developed,
rapid agricultural development has been possible.
(v) Political-administrative factors:
Political parties, especially regional political parties as well as local
leaders exploit regional sentiments, regional deficits and convert them to strengthen
their factional support base. They give place to regional problems in their
election manifesto and promise political and regional development.
Or
What do you mean by unity in diversity? What types of diversity can
be seen in the different parts of India?
Ans:- Unity in diversity means that all
people live in peace and harmony with each other, even if there are many
differences between them. Cultures, races etc. exist in our country like many
religions but they live with each other. This unity in diversity cannot be seen
anywhere which can be seen only in India.
Caste is a major determinant of political life in India. It has been
a determinant of political participation, voting behavior and almost all other
aspects of Indian politics. Caste determines the nature, organization and
function of political parties and interest groups etc. Caste based voting,
caste based candidature, caste based riots, caste conflict and the issue of
reservation versus non-reservation are all factors in Indian politics.
But not only in geography, India is full of diversity in every
sphere of life. Cultural diversity refers to the presence of many different
types of cultural communities defined by language, religion, region, ethnicity,
etc., in a particular larger national or regional context.
India is considered to be a very diverse country as it is home to a
wide variety of social groups and communities.
We also look at diversity from the point of view of religion. About
80% of the population are Hindus, 13% are Muslims, 2.5% are Christians, 1.9%
are Sikhs, while 0.8% are Buddhists and 0.4% are Jains. As far as language is
concerned, there are mainly 22 languages spoken in India. Thus, India is a
country that is full of diversity.
26. Discuss the
basic features of industrialization and modernization. 6
Ans: Features of Industrialization: Characteristics of industrialization
mode include use of scientific methods to solve problems, mechanization and a
factory system, division of labor, development of money economy, and increase
in labor force mobility both geographically and socially. Features of
Modernization: The main feature of modernization is the creation of an
"open society" in which individuals of talent, enterprise and
training can find a suitable place for their achievement in the society. The
process of modernization involves increasing social unrest unless the social
order is responsive to the new aspirations created by the modernization
process. However, it should be noted that this process of modernization brings
suitable changes in the social system to meet the increasing expectations of
the people.
27. What is the
literal meaning of demography? Describe the major indicators of demographic
analysis. 2+4=6
Ans: Demography
involves the statistical study of human population. As a very general science,
it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, which varies with time or
space (see population dynamics). It involves the study of the size, composition
and distribution of these populations, and the spatial and/or temporal changes
in them in response to time, birth, migration, aging, and death.
Because demography is interested in changes in human populations,
demography focuses on specific indicators of change. Two of the most important
indicators are birth and death rates, also known as fertility (see also
fertility) and mortality rates. Additionally, demography is interested in
migration trends or the movement of people from one place to another. Some of
the typical measures used to detect these elements of population change are
discussed below. While demography often provides a useful picture of social
patterns, it is important to note that - especially in relation to minority
groups - it is often difficult to obtain accurate numerical values, and thus the
availability of a demographic understanding of social structures and patterns.
it occurs. Regarding the constant change. of more accurate data and measurement
techniques.
(a) Fertility and Fertility: Fertility,
in demography, refers to the ability of females to produce healthy offspring in
abundance. Fertility is the potential fertility of a woman
(b) Mortality Rate: Mortality refers to
the limited nature of humanity: people die. Mortality in demography is
interested in the number of deaths in a given time or place, or the proportion
of deaths in relation to a population.
Or
Describe briefly the main features of urban society.
Ans: Urban society is an industrial
society which is highly modern, literate, complex and heterogeneous. There is a
clear distinction between people in urban society.
Following are some of the characteristics of urban society:
(i) Nuclear Family: In urban society we
generally see nuclear family system. In urban society, women are at par with
men in performing many duties like going out, earning livelihood etc.
(ii) Industrial Societies: Urban
societies are mainly industrial societies. People are largely dependent on
industry, trade and service sector rather than agriculture.
(iii) Social Mobility: In industrial
societies, an individual can move up or down his position by his effort or
labor. Social mobility has enabled society to move from status to contract.
(iv) Increased Status of Women: The
status of women in urban societies is higher than in rural societies. Women in
urban society are not confined to household chores only but are found in all
the responsible places of the society.
***
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