AHSEC| CLASS 11| POLITICAL SCIENCE| SOLVED PAPER - 2022| H.S.1ST YEAR
2022
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate
full marks for the questions.
PART – A
(Indian
Constitution at Work)
1. Answer the following as directed:
(a) Mention
one function of the Constitution. 1
Ans:- It
guarantees the rights of the citizens.
(b) Right to
Property is a Fundamental Right. (Write True or False) 1
(c) Mention
one feature of First Past the Post system.
1
Ans:- The
candidate who gets the most votes in the constituency is declared the winner.
In this system, a candidate who receives more votes than the other candidates
wins.
(d) In which
year was the 42nd Amendment passed in the Indian Parliament? 1
Ans:- In 1 February 1977.
(e) Who is
the real executive in India? 1
Ans:- A
person who has real powers to execute all important decisions.
(f) The
Indian Constitution was adopted on November 26,
1949. (Fill in the blank) 1
2. Mention two federal features of the Indian
Constitution. 2
Ans:- The two federal features of the Indian Constitution
are:
(i) Supremacy
of the Constitution: The Constitution of India is also supreme and not made
by the hands of the Center or the States. If for any reason any organ of the
State dares to violate any provision of the Constitution, the courts of law are
there to ensure that the dignity of the Constitution is upheld at all costs.
(ii) Rigid
Constitution: The Indian Constitution is largely a rigid constitution. All
provisions of the Constitution relating to Centre-State relations can be
amended only by joint action of the State Legislatures and the Union
Parliament. Such provisions can be amended only if the amendment is passed by a
two-thirds majority of the members present and voting in Parliament (which must
also be an absolute majority of the total membership) and by at least half of
the states.
3. What do you mean by Public Interest Litigation
(PIL)? 2
Ans:- Legal action that is taken on a human rights or
equality issue of wide public concern. This is an opportunity to clarify,
develop or change the law. It usually involves groups of people who have been
disadvantaged, overlooked, or treated unfairly. If the case is successful, it
will benefit the whole society.
4. Mention two functions of the Indian Parliament. 2
Ans:- The Indian Parliament has two functions:
(i)
Legislative Functions:
(a) The
primary function of the Parliament is to make laws.
(b) It not
only makes new laws but also reviews the being laws and tries to make them
better and further useful for the citizens.
(ii)
Administrative functions: Parliament has significant control over the
executive and the members of the executive are answerable to the parliament for
their policies and decisions.
5. Mention two Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Indian
Constitution. 2
Ans:- The two fundamental rights enshrined in the Indian
Constitution are:
(i) Right to
equivalency, which includes equivalency before law, prohibition of
demarcation on grounds of religion, race, estate, coitus or place of birth and
equivalency of occasion in matters of public employment.
(ii) Right to
liberty, which includes freedom of speech and expression, freedom of
assembly, association, movement, and occupation.
6. What do you mean by Universal Adult Franchise? 2
Ans:- Universal adult ballot means that all citizens
who are 18 times of age or over are free to
bounce irrespective of their
estate or education, religion, colour, race and profitable conditions. In a republic, a
universal adult ballot is important, as it is grounded on the idea of
equivalency.
7. Write the name of two writs issued by Indian
Judiciary. 2
Ans:- Types of Writs in India:
The Supreme
Court of India is the protector of the fundamental rights of the citizens. For
that he has basic and detailed powers. It issues five types of writs to enforce
the fundamental rights of the citizens. Writs are of five types:
(i) Habeas
corpus
(ii) Mandate
(i) Habeas
corpus: The Latin meaning of the word 'habeas corpus' is 'to have a body.'
This writ is used to enforce the fundamental right of personal liberty against
unlawful detention. Through habeas corpus, the Supreme Court/High Court orders
a person who has arrested another person to bring the latter's body before the
court.
(ii)
Mandamus: The literal meaning of this writ is 'we order'. This writ is used
by the court to order the public official who has failed or refused to perform
his duty, to resume his work. Apart from public officials, mandamus can be
issued for the same purpose against any public body, a corporation, an inferior
court, a tribunal, or the government.
8. Mention briefly the structure of Panchayati Raj
Institutions in accordance with 73rd Constitutional Amendment. 4
Ans:- The 73rd Amendment 1992 added a new Part IX to
the Constitution titled "Panchayats" incorporating the provisions of
Articles 243 to 243(O); and a new Eleventh Schedule covering 29 subjects within
the functions of Panchayats.
Importance of
Amendment:
The amendment
implements Article 40 of the DPSP which states that "the State shall take
steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and
authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government".
necessary" and have upgraded them from it. is non-equitable to the
equitable part of the Constitution and casts a constitutional obligation on the
States to implement the Panchayati Raj Acts as per the provisions of Part IX.
However, states have been given sufficient freedom to consider their
geographical, politico-administrative, and other conditions while adopting the
Panchayati Raj system.
Main
characteristics:
(a) Gram
Sabha: Gram Sabha is a body at the village level consisting of all the
persons registered in the voter list belonging to the village included in the
area of the Panchayat. Since all the persons in the voter list are members of
the Gram Sabha, they are not elected representatives. Furthermore, the Gram
Sabha is the only permanent unit in the Panchayati Raj system and is not
constituted for a specific period. Though it serves as the foundation of
Panchayati Raj, it is not one of the three tiers of the same. The powers and
functions of the Gram Sabha are decided by law by the state legislature.
(b) Three
Tiers of Panchayati Raj: Part IX provides for a three-tier Panchayat
system, which shall be constituted in every State at the village level, the
intermediate level, and the district level. This provision brought uniformity
in the Panchayati Raj structure in India. However, states that had a population
of less than 20 lakhs were given the option of not having an intermediate
level.
All the
members of these three levels are elected. In addition, the chairpersons of the
panchayats at the intermediate and district levels are indirectly elected from
among the elected members. But at the village level, the election of the
President of the Panchayat (Sarpanch) may be direct or indirect as provided by
the State in its Panchayati Raj Act.
(c)
Reservation in Panchayats: There is a provision for reservation of seats
for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes at each level of the Panchayat. Seats
are to be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes at each level in
proportion to their population. 1/3rd of the reserved seats should be reserved
for women belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. One-third of the
total seats to be filled by direct election should be reserved for women. An
amendment bill is pending which seeks to increase the reservation for women to
50%. The seats reserved for different constituencies in the Panchayat may be
allotted by rotation. The State may also provide for reservation for the
offices of Speakers by law.
(d) Tenure of
the Panchayats: A clear term of 5 years has been provided for the
Panchayats and elections must be held before the expiry of the term. However,
the Panchayat can be dissolved earlier on specific grounds as per the State
Legislations. In that case the election should be held before the expiry of 6
months from the dissolution.
(e)
Disqualification of members: Article 243F provides for disqualification
from membership. According to this article, any person who is qualified to
become a legislator is eligible to become a member of a panchayat, but the
minimum age prescribed for a panchayat is 21 years. Further, the
disqualification criteria are to be decided by the State Legislature by law.
(f) Finance
Commission: The State Government is required to appoint a Finance
Commission every five years, which will review the financial position of the
Panchayats and make recommendations on the following:
(i) Distribution
of taxes, duties, tolls, fees etc. levied by the State to be divided among the
Panchayats.
(ii) Allocation
of income among different levels.
(iii) Taxes,
tolls, fees assigned to Panchayats
(iv)
Grants-in-aid.
This report of
the Finance Commission will be placed on the table of the state assembly. In
addition, the Central Finance Commission also suggests measures needed to augment
the Consolidated Fund of the States to supplement the resources of the
Panchayats in the States.
(g) Powers
and Functions: 11th Schedule: Requires State Legislatures to make laws to
provide powers and authority to Panchayats to enable them to perform the
functions of local government. The 11th Schedule ensures the distribution of
powers between the State Legislature and the Panchayats.
9. Write a note on the powers and functions of the
Election Commission of India. 4
Ans:- The Constitution of India, in its articles
324–328, enumerates the powers and functions of the Election Commission.
These can be
described as follows:
(i)
Preparation of Electoral Rolls: The Election Commission prepares electoral
rolls for elections to Parliament for all State Assemblies including local
bodies.
(ii)
Superintendence and Direction: Superintendence, direction and control of
all matters relating to elections to the President, Vice President, Parliament,
and State Legislatures.
(iii)
Advice: To advise the President and Governors on questions of
disqualification made by members of the Union or State Legislatures.
(iv)
Appointment of Returning Officers: Appointment of Returning Officers to
inquire into disputes arising out of or connected with the conduct of
elections.
(v)
Settlement of disputes: Settlement of disputes regarding allotment of
symbols to parties at the time of elections.
(vi) To lay
down the code of conduct: To lay down the code of conduct to be followed by
the parties and candidates at the time of elections.
(vii)
Recognition of Political Parties: Recognition of political parties as All
India or State parties is another function of the Election Commission.
(viii)
Decides disputes: Another function of the Election Commission to decide
disputes regarding election symbol in case of division.
(ix)
Notification of dates and schedules: The Election Commission notified the
dates and schedules of elections and scrutiny of nomination papers.
(x)
Procuring Staff: Another function of the Election Commission is to procure
staff required for the conduct of elections from the President and the
Governors of the States.
Thus, they are
important powers and functions of the Election Commission.
10. Discuss briefly the amendment procedure of the Indian
Constitution. 4
Ans:- Procedure for amending
the Constitution of India:
The Constitution of India provides a specific amendment procedure as compared to the constitution of other countries. It can be described as partially flexible and partly rigid. The constitution amendment provides diversity in the process. Where is this characteristic of Australian academic Sir Kenneth, who felt that "quite unnecessary restrictions" have been imposed in parts of the Constitution? An amendment to the constitution can be initiated only by introducing a bill in any House of Parliament. Then a Bill should be introduced in each House by most of the total membership of that House and a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House. There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two houses.
***
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