AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2022| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2022
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
1. Give very short answers: 1x12=12
(a) What is
the ideal of Logic?
Ans:- The
idea of logic is the science of thought. Thought is logic.
(b) Is the
conclusion of Analogy certain?
Ans:- No,
the conclusion of the analogous argument is probable.
(c) Give an
example of Unscientific Induction.
Ans:- Unscientific
inference is the establishment of a universal true proposition on the basis of
mere uniform or unrestricted experience without any attempt to discover the
causal relationship. For example, 'All crows are black'.
(d) On which
Law is the Quantitative mark of a cause based?
Ans:- Cause
is equal to effect according to the law of conservation of matter of energy.
(e) What was
the hypothesis with the help of which the ‘Law of Gravitation’ discovered?
Ans:- Newton
observed an apple falling to the ground and believed that it was due to the
attraction of the earth. This assumption or hypothesis later proved to be true
and the law of gravitation was established.
(f) What is
the meaning of the Greek word ‘Ethos’?
Ans:- The
word "ethics" is derived from the Greek word "ethos" which
refers to the character, guiding beliefs, standards and ideals that pervade a
group, a community or a people.
(g) What
according to Indian Philosophy is the Supreme and Ultimate end of human life?
Ans:- This
is so that man himself will attain the ultimate goal of life, Moksha, the union
with the divine.
(h) Write the
name of the Inductive Method which enables us to proceed from cause to effect
and effect to cause.
Ans:- The
law of agreement enables us to proceed from cause to effect and from effect to
cause. Since this method is a method of observation.
(i) Give an
example of Secondary Quality.
Ans:- Secondary
qualities can be changed from person to person, from place to place. For
example, the taste or smell of an object may differ from person to person.
(j) Is Ethics
a positive science?
Ans:- Ethics
is not a positive science but a normative science.
(k) Who has
defined religion in terms of value?
Ans:- Hoffding
defines religion as "a belief in the protection of values".
(l) Which
theory of Truth does Naïve Realism support?
Ans:- Naive
Realism supports the correspondence principle of truth.
2. Give an example of Good Analogy. 2
Ans:- Examples of good analogy are the pectoral fins
of sharks and the flippers of dolphins.
3. What is ‘Hypothesis concerning Agent’? 2
Ans. Hypothesis concerning agent is related with
the agent the incident. The law is known but it may appear that the particular
agent which is to operate according to known law may be unknown in such cases
we frame Hypothesis concerning agent. To take an example from everybody life; A
burglary is committed in my neighbour’s hours in order to known the thief we
frame a hypothesis as the agent in question.
4. Give an example of ‘Plurality of causes’. 2
Ans:- The principle of plurality of causes means that
some effects may arise from different causes in different cases. For example:
Light can be generated by Sun, Moon, Initiation, Lightning etc.
Or
What do you
mean by ‘Conjunction of causes’ 2
Ans:- Multiple
causes acting together to produce a combined effect is called a Conjunction of
causes. For example - hydrogen oxygen is mixed in a certain ratio and an
electric current is passed through it. The combined effect is water!
5. Explain the moral condition of
observation. 2
Or
State two
advantages of simple observation. 2
Ans:- (i)
The scope of simple observation is wider than that of experiment as it can be
applied universally.
(ii) In
observation, we can proceed from a cause to an effect as well as from an effect
to its cause.
6. Give a concrete example of the Joint Method of
Agreement and Difference. 2
Ans:- This situation is an example of Mill's combined
method of agreement and difference: the first four students are proof that
everyone who got sick ate coleslaw, and the four matched pairs are proof that
everyone who got sick ate coleslaw.
7. Mention any two characteristics of Scientific
Realism. 2
Ans:- (i) Like other forms of realism, scientific
realism also claims that the object of knowledge is independent of the mind of
the knower.
(ii) We cannot
know anything directly. We can know it by its properties. The primary qualities
are independent of the mind of the knower.
8. What do you mean by ‘moral obligation’? 2
Ans:- A moral obligation means that a person has a
duty to do something based on a belief of a standard of right or wrong.
Or
What is
voluntary action? 2
Ans:- Those
actions which are controlled by the will or consciousness of a person are
called voluntary actions. The brain is always involved in regulating voluntary
actions and impulses for these actions are generated in the brain.
9. Give a concrete example of Inverse variation. 2
Ans:- (i) If the distance covered by a train at a constant
speed increase, the time also increases and vice versa.
(ii) If the number of persons is added to a work, then the
time taken to complete the work decreases.
10. Why is the idealism of Leibnitz called ‘Pluralistic
Idealism’? 2
Ans:- He finds that consciousness is real in the form
of an ideal atom. They are named "monads" by Leibnitz. They are
dynamic and numerous. Hence Leibnitz's theory is known as "pluralistic
idealism".
Or
‘Esse Est
Percipi’ – What is the meaning of this statement? 2
Ans:- ‘Esse
Est Percipi’ means that the existence of an object lies in its experience.
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