AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2021| H.S. 2ND YEAR

 

AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2021| H.S. 2ND YEAR

2021
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.

 

1. Give very short answer:    1x12=12

(a) What is induction improperly so called?        1

Ans:- Processes stimulating induction.

(b) Is the conclusion of scientific induction certain?   1

Ans:- The conclusion of an inductive argument is likely to be true based on the evidence given.

(c) What is the basis of unscientific induction?      1

Ans. In unscientific induction, a general true proposition is established on the basis of uniform or indisputable experience alone, without attempting to discover any causal relationship.

(d) “Plants like men have birth, growth, decay, and death. Men possess intelligence, therefore plants also possess intelligence”. – What type of analogical argument is this?       1

Ans:- A bad analogy is one in which conclusions are drawn from superficial points of similarity. For example, plants are born, grow, decay, and die, just like humans. Man has intelligence; hence plants also have intelligence.

(e) “The course of the world is not a uniformity, but uniformities”. – Who said this?    1

Ans:- Bain.

(f) Can there be more than one cause of an effect?  1

Ans:- But the multiplicity of reasons is unattainable from a scientific point of view. The doctrine of the plurality of causes is incompatible with the definition of a cause as an immutable antecedent. By this definition, the same cause can produce the same effect.

(g) What is working hypothesis?     1

Ans: Sometimes it may be that there is some phenomenon to be explained but it is of such an unfamiliar kind that we are not able to make any supposition at all as to its cause or law of operation.

(h) Give one example of a secondary quality.    1

Ans:- Taste.

(i) Name the philosopher who said that esse est percipi?    1

Ans:- Berkeley.

(j) What is called a voluntary action? 1

Ans: Voluntary actions are actions performed by an agent deliberately and intentionally in order to realize some foreseen ends.

(k) Give one example of a non-moral action.  1

Ans:- Hurricanes.

(l) From which Latin word the term “Religion” has been derived?     1

Ans:- Religio.

2. What is a good analogy?      2

Ans:- The strength of Analogy depends on the number and the importance of the points of the difference and the number of the unknown points. So, a God analogy means an argument in which a conclusion is drawn from the presence of essential resemblance between two things.

3. Name the theory according to which Thought and Reality are at bottom identical (Reality is rational). Who advocates the theory?  2

Ans:- In the preceding chapters of this study we are particularly concerned with Hegel's theory of the nature of thought. We have learned that, according to his theory, thought is co-extensive with experience and consequently with reality itself: there is no opposition to it.

4. Define inductive leap.                             2

Ans:- According to Mill, induction is a process “from the known to the unknown”. Bain calls this the “inductive leap”. So, inductive leap consists in passing from the observed cases to the unobserved cases. But this passage from the observed to the unobserved involves some risk. For Mill and Bain, “Inductive leap” is the very essence of Induction. If there is no “Inductive leap”, the process cannot be called Induction all.

5. What is the meaning of the law of the conservation of matter and energy?                                  2

Ans:- In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy is that the total energy of an isolated system is constant and is said to be conserved over time.

Or

What is the intellectual condition of observation?                                         2

Ans:- The intellectual state of observation is a method of observation where we observe intellectually.

6. Why the conclusion of analogical argument is possible?                         2

Ans:- Analogical arguments are those inductions where a conclusion is derived from a comparison of similarities between two or more cases. As to induction, Analogical arguments can only give possible conclusions, not certain ones.

7. State Mill’s cannon of the Method of Agreement.                                     2

Ans:- Mill's canon for the method of agreement is that "if two or more instances of the event under investigation occur in only one circumstance, then the circumstance in which all instances alone agree, the cause (or effect) of the given event is."

8. Name the experimental method which determines the quantitative relation between cause and effect.             2

Ans:- Method of Concomitant variation.

9. Can an action of an insane person be called a moral action? Give one reason in support of your views. 1+1

Ans:- No, because they don’t have the sense of moral quality to justify right and wrong.

10. What is the meaning of ‘intention’?                               2

Ans: The idea or idea of the object which stimulates the state of desire for its attainment is called motive.

Motive is the efficient cause of action, whereas intention is the ultimate cause of action. JS mentioned above Mill is not right Both motive and intention are the ultimate cause of action.

11. What are the ultimate values of human life? Name the ideal or the value with which ethics is concerned.        1+1

Ans:- Truth, beauty and moral ideal, ethics is concerned with moral ideals.


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