AHSEC CLASS 12 LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY SOLVED PAPER - 2026| ASSEB BOARD
2026
LOGIC AND
PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: 3 hours
The figures in the
margin indicate full marks for the questions
1. Give very short answer: 1x12=12
(a) “Inductive logic deals with both
formal and material truth.” Is it true?
Ans:- False.
(b) What is the essence of induction?
Ans:- Induction-leap or establishing a
general real proposition.
(c) Fill in the blank:
The Law of uniformity of Nature is a formal ground of induction.
(d) “Cause is unconditional,
invariable, immediate antecedent to the effect.” Is the statement true?
Ans:- True.
(e) “Observation is finding a fact
and experiment is making one.” Write true or false.
Ans:- True.
(f) What is the first stage of
Hypothesis?
Ans:- The first stage of a hypothesis is
formulating a statement, which includes making initial assumptions, defining
the research problem, and stating the null and alternative hypotheses.
(g) How many instances are required
for the method of difference?
Ans:- The differential method requires two
Instance: a positive Instance and a negative Instance.
Nature of Instances:
(i) Positive Instance: An Instance where the phenomenon
(effect) being investigated exists.
(ii) Negative Instance: An Instance where the phenomenon
(effect) being investigated does not exist.
(h) Who is the founder of Scientific
Realism?
Ans:- John
Locke.
(i) Who is the propounder of ‘esse
est percipi’?
Ans:- George
Berkeley.
(j) “Ethics is a normative science.” Is
the statement true?
Ans:- True.
(k) How many Purusharthas are there?
Ans:- Four Purusharthas (Dharma,
Artha, Kama, Moksha).
(l) “Religion is morality touched
with emotion.” Who said this statement?
Ans:- Matthew
Arnold.
2. What
do you mean by bad Analogy? 2
Ans:- Bad
Analogy:
Definition: An argument using analogy in which
the things being compared share minor characteristics but lack the essential
essence.
Example: Comparing the Earth to a living
organism and concluding that the Earth must have a physical heart because
animals do.
Or
What is induction proper?
Ans:- Induction Proper:-
Definition: A genuine inductive process
involving an inductive leap from the known to the unknown, or from the specific
to the general.
Core Feature: Goes from observing "some"
instances of a class to verifying "all" instances.
3. What do
you understand by formal ground of induction? 2
Ans:-
Formal Grounds of Induction:-
Definition: The fundamental logical principle
that justifies an inductive leap.
Components: Includes the Law of Causation and
the Principle of Uniformity of Nature.
Or
What are the types of condition?
Ans:- Types of conditions:
(i) Positive and negative: Conditions can be positive (the
presence of a factor facilitates an event) or negative (the absence of a factor
hinders it).
(ii) Necessary and sufficient: A necessary condition must be
present for an effect to occur; a sufficient condition always produces an
effect.
4. Write
two differences between non-observation and malobservation. 2
Ans:- The
differences between non-observation and malocclusion are:-
(i) Nature of error: Non-observation is an oversight where
a fact or event is completely overlooked or not observed; malocclusion is a
perceptual error where a thing or event is incorrectly observed.
(ii) Cause: Non-observation results from
carelessness, oversight, or poor conditions; malocclusion results from optical
illusion, preconceived notions, or poor sense.
5. What
do you mean by experiment? 2
Ans:-
Definition: A
simulated situation where a researcher actively manipulates variables to look
for causal connections.
Key difference: Unlike passive observation, an
experiment is not simply about finding a fact, but about "creating a
fact."
6. Give
an example of Hypothesis Concerning Agent. 2
Ans:- Example
of Hypothesis Concerning Agent:-
Definition: A hypothesis about a specific individual agent or active
factor responsible for an event, when the operating law is known but the
perpetrator is unknown.
Example: Finding footprints near a broken safe and assuming that a specific local
thief committed the theft.
7.
Mention two canons of elimination. 2
Ans:-
There are two canons of elimination:
(i) Canon of Agreement: If two or more cases of an event
have only one condition in common, then that common condition is likely the
cause (or effect).
(ii) Canon of Difference: If a case in which an event occurs
and a case in which it does not occur have all but one condition in common,
then that one different condition is likely the cause.
Or
Write any two advantages of the
method of Agreement.
Ans:- The agreement method has two
advantages:-
(i) Broader scope: It relies primarily on observation
rather than strict laboratory controls, giving it a wider range of applications
than experimental methods.
(ii) Causal direction: It allows the investigator to move
flexibly from cause to effect or from effect to cause to identify initial
causal links and formulate a working hypothesis.
8. Write
any two criticisms of Naïve Realism. 2
Ans:- There
are two criticisms of Naive Realism:-
(i) Illusions and Mistakes: It doesn't account for why we
perceive false perceptions, such as seeing a bent stick in water or a mirage.
(ii) Subjectivity: It assumes that other qualities,
such as color and taste, are inherent in things, even though they vary
depending on the observer.
9. Define
Objective Idealism. 2
Ans:- The philosophical view (associated
with thinkers such as Hegel) holds that true reality is not actual things, but
objective reason, mind, or an absolute spirit, and that the universe is a
manifestation of this objective thought, distinct from any human mind.
10. Give
two examples of non-moral actions. 2
Ans:- Two
examples of non-moral actions are:
(i) Breathing or blinking (bodily reflexes that occur outside
of moral judgment).
(ii) Choosing a particular flavor of ice cream or drinking
water instead of juice (morally neutral choices).
Or
What are the first two stages of
voluntary action?
Ans:- There are first two stages of
voluntary action:-
(i) Motive/Spring of Action: The initial desire, impulse, or wish
that drives an agent toward a goal.
(ii) Conflict of Desires: The stage where several different
motives or desires arise and compete with each other.
11.
Mention any two paths to attain Liberation. 2
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