AHSEC| CLASS 12| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2015| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2015
Sociology
Full marks: 100
Time: 3 hours
1. Answer the following questions: 1x12=12
(a) What is
the name of dormitory of Naga?
Ans: Morung.
(b) Who wrote
the novel 'Invisible Man'?
Ans: Ralph Ellison.
(c) Which
city is known, as the "Financial capital" of India?
Ans: Mumbai.
(d) When was
the first and the last census survey carried out in Independent India?
Ans: 1951 & 2011.
(e) Who is
the founder of "Brahmo Samaj"?
Ans: Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
(f) Class in
example of (open / closed) stratification.
Ans: Closed
(g) When did
M. N. Srinivas develop the concept of Sanskritization?
Ans: 1950
(h) What is
the full form of ASEAN?
Ans: Association of Southeast Asian Nations.
(i) Risely
has divided the Indian ethnic group into five/six seven/eight numbers.
Ans: Seven.
(j) Where did
the first Naxalite movement take place?
Ans: Andra Pradesh.
(k) When was
"The National Commission for Minorities Act" passed?
Ans: 1992
(l) Who gave
birth to the "All Indian Schedule Caste Federation"?
Ans: Dr. Ambedkar.
2. What do you mean by social justice and social
change? 2
Ans: Social justice is the distribution of benefits
and how they are allocated in the society. It is considered as a society that
provides fair treatment to individuals and groups and provides a fair share of
the benefits of the society.
Social change
creates community-based responses that address underlying social problems at an
individual, institutional, community, national and/or international level.
3. Mention two consequences of industrialization. 2
Ans: (a) Less expensive products are available, (b)
New types of products are available.
4. Write differences between caste and class. 2
Ans: The main difference
between caste and class as social stratification is that when class is open,
matter is closed. Caste is a closed system of social stratification where
social mobility is almost zero. On the other hand, class is an open system of
social stratification where social mobility is maximum.
Secondly, caste
is descriptive, whereas class is somewhat prescriptive. Stratification on the
basis of caste is entirely based on birth, whereas stratification on the basis
of class is entirely based on economic status.
5. What do you mean by westernization? 2
Ans: According to M.N. Srinivas, Westernization
refers to the changes in Indian society and culture as a result of British rule
at various levels such as technology, institutions, ideology and values.
6. State two characteristics of joint family. 2
Ans: The followings are the major characteristics
of joint family:
(i) Large
Size: The size of the joint family is large. This includes parents,
children, grandchildren and their wives as well as other close relatives.
(ii) Common
Residence: The members of a joint family usually live under one roof.
7. Distinguish between new social movement and old social
movement. 2
Ans: The old social movements were either class based
such as the working class or the parents movement or the anti-colonial
movement. Thus, older social movements clearly saw the restructuring of power
relations as a central goal. On the other hand, the new social movements are
neither class based nor about the reorganization of state power.
8. Write two demerits of democracy. 2
Ans: Demography is the systematic study of
population. Demography studies the trends and processes associated with a
population, including changes in population size, patterns of birth, death and
migration, the composition and structure of a population, such as the relative
proportions of females, males, and different age groups.
9. What do you mean by kinship system? 2
Ans: The bond of blood or marriage which binds people
in a group is called Kinship. The importance of kinship lies in the fact that
it forms a group. Marriage provides each mother with a husband and makes her
children her own children and thus creates a family.
10. State two remedial measures adopted by the govt for
upliftment of schedule caste. 2
Ans: The important measures taken are as follows:
(i) Protection
from social injustice and various forms of exploitation,
(ii) To open religious institutions of public character to them.
11. Write a note on green revolution. 2
Ans: Green Revolution was a government program of
agricultural modernization. It was largely funded by international agencies on
the basis of hybrid seeds with pesticides, fertilizers etc. Green Revolution
programs were started only in those areas which had assured irrigation. It
mainly targeted wheat and rice growing areas.
12. What are the problems that occur due to urbanization.
2
Ans: Due to urbanisation, urban centers become highly
populated – which creates a huge burden on infrastructure such as roads,
sanitation, water supply, communication systems, etc. In addition, the
development of industrial townships in the middle of the villages leaves some
villages completely desolate. The influx of migrant workers not only stimulates
demand for homes and markets, but also creates problems or systemic
relationships between natives and immigrants.
13. Write two characteristics of social movement. 2
Ans: The characteristics of social movements are:
(i) A social
movement requires continuous collective action over time. Events which inflame
and die cannot be called social movements.
(ii) Social
movements require organization. Organization includes leadership and a
structure that defines how members relate to each other, make decisions and
carry them out.
14. Explain the concept of social exclusion with
examples. 4
Ans: Social exclusion is the result of deprivation
and discrimination, which prevents individuals or groups from participating
fully in the economic, social and political life of the society in which they
live. Social exclusion is structural i.e. the result of social processes and
institutions rather than individual action.
15. Describe in brief the function of village
panchayat. 4
Ans: Constitutionally, Panchayats should be given the
power and authority to function as institutions of local self-government.
The following
powers and responsibilities were entrusted to the Panchayats.
(i) To prepare
plans for economic development.
(ii) To promote
schemes promoting social justice.
(iii) levy and
collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, tees, etc.
(iv) To help in devolution
of government responsibilities.
16. Discuss about communalism. 4
Ans: Communalism refers to aggressive chauvinism
based on the identity of religion. Communalism is a political ideology that
holds that religion replaces all other aspects of an individual's or group's
identity with a generally aggressive and hostile attitude toward groups of
individuals with other religious identities.
Features of
Communalism:
(i) Although
communalism is closely associated with religion, there is no essential
relationship between individual belief and communalism. A sectarian may or may
not be a devotee, whereas a devout practice may or may not be communal.
(ii) Communalism
is a political identity based on religion. Communists develop an aggressive
political identity and are ready to attack all who do not share their identity.
17. What are the measures undertaken by Govt. of India
for population control? 4
Ans: (a) Making laws like legalizing abortion.
(b) To give
economic incentives (cash rewards) to small families and to give incentives to
those who produce children than the norms set by the government.
(c) Preferential
treatment for younger members of the family.
(d) Financial
rewards for sterilization.
(e) To create
awareness among the public about the ill-effects of producing more children.
(f) To promote
voluntary family planning and birth control techniques through supply of
necessary information and contraceptives.
18. Write about the importance of mass media. 4
Ans: Mass media refers to the means of communication
that reach a mass audience.
Mass media plays
an important role in shaping how we see the world. The world has become smaller
and closer as a result of the intensive use of mass media. It also promotes the
distribution of goods and services. The basic purpose of mass media is to
inform, educate and entertain the masses. Thus mass media includes television,
newspapers, films, magazines, radio, CDs etc.
19. Describe the functions of modern family. 4
Ans: (i) Less control of
the marriage contract Marriage is the basis of the family: in the
traditional family the marriage was contracted by the parents. The marriage
ceremony was based on the principle of male dominance and female obedience.
People in the modern family are less in parental control as to whom and when
they will marry. The marriage is now decided by the partners themselves. This
is usually the choice of a partner by a partner prior to courtship or falling
in love.
(ii) Change in
the relationship between man and woman: In modern family, woman is not a
devotee of man but equal partner with equal rights in life. The husband no
longer orders but requests the wife to do only one thing for her. She is now
free from the slavery of man. She is no longer the slave and slave of the old
days. She can divorce her husband as husband can divorce her. She can sue the
husband for her rights and hence she can be sued.
(iii) Sexual
dysfunction: The rigidity traditionally associated with sexual relations is
no longer characteristic of the modern family, cases of illicit sex between
husband and wife can also be seen in the modern family.
(iv) Small
Family: Modern family is a small family. It is no longer a joint family.
Also there is a tendency to have a smaller family and contraceptives help with
birth control.
20. What are the obstacles in national integration? 4
Ans: (a) Economic Inequalities: Economic
inequalities are creating obstacles in our national integration. There are some
people in our country who do not have daily bread. Conversely some have so much
money that they don't know how to spend it. This type of economic inequality is
harmful to our democracy.
(b) Lack of
competent leadership: Competent leadership is essential for national
integration, as it is an able leader who can eliminate the disruptive forces
and bring people on the right path. We lack skilled leaders. Now there are very
few leaders who are acceptable to the whole country.
(c) Social
inequalities: We are facing social inequalities due to caste system,
economic inequalities and different religions. People of different castes,
classes and religions think about their separate society and in festivals and
some celebrations they want to keep themselves apart from others.
(d) Lack of
proper education: Education plays a very important role in national
integration. But the present system of education is not conducive to national
integration. Our education was originally organized by the British. The same
may not be appropriate today. There have been some changes in education after
independence, but they are not enough.
21. Explain in brief the different characteristics of
tribe. 4
Ans: The different characteristics of tribe:
(i) The tribal
people did not follow the religion with the written text.
(ii) The tribals
did not have any state or political organization of the normal type.
(iii) The
tribals had no caste and were neither Hindus nor farmers.
(iv) The tribals
lived in different geographical locations and followed natural lifestyle
according to the geographical location.
22. Discuss about the effect of globalization on social
change. 4
Ans: In the social sphere, the impact of
globalization is varied, it has led to the development of consumerism and
corporate culture and on the other hand it has posed a threat.
The globalization
transition threatens many indigenous crafts, literary traditions as well as the
knowledge system. For example, about 30 theatre groups, which were active
around the textile mills of Parel area of Mumbai, have become inactive as
most of the mill workers there are not working. Similarly, some traditional
methods of Andhra Pradesh committed suicide while some others left this
traditional profession mainly because their products are not able to compete
with machine-made products. Thus indigenous crafts are facing tough challenges
from big firms. Similarly, various forms of traditional knowledge systems are
under threat, especially in the fields of medicine and agriculture. Contract
farming and the use of hybrid seeds and fertilizers produced by multinational
companies have contributed to a great extent in eliminating indigenous
knowledge of local varieties and production.
23. Write short note on Chipko movement. 4
Ans: Chipko movement is a good example of ecological
movement in the foothills of Himalayas. In this movement the villagers merged
some oak and rhododendron forests near their villages. When Govt. As the forest
contractors came to cut the trees, a large number of villagers, including
women, surrounded the trees to save them from falling. Actually the Hindi word
chipko means long. Thus, the villagers saved the forest on which the villagers
depended for firewood, fodder and other daily necessities. Thus, the question
of cutting trees was really a question of the essence of the villagers.
Therefore, the Chipko movement pitted the livelihood needs of poor villagers
against the government's desire to generate revenue by selling wood. The
movement also raised the issue of ecological sustainability. Deforestation was
a form of environmental destruction that resulted in devastating floods and
landslides in the region. Moreover, this Chipko movement also expressed the
displeasure of the hill villagers against a distant government headquarters in
the plains, which is quite indifferent to their concerns.
Thus, the Chipko
movement outlined economic, ecological and political concerns.
24. What do you mean by demography? Discuss about the major
indicators of demographic analysis.
2+4=6
Ans: Demography involves the statistical study of
human population. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic
living population, which varies with time or space (see population dynamics).
It involves the study of the size, composition and distribution of these
populations, and the spatial and/or temporal changes in them in response to
time, birth, migration, aging, and death.
Because
demography is interested in changes in human populations, demography focuses on
specific indicators of change. Two of the most important indicators are birth
and death rates, also known as fertility (see also fertility) and mortality
rates. Additionally, demography is interested in migration trends or the movement
of people from one place to another. Some of the typical measures used to
detect these elements of population change are discussed below. While
demography often provides a useful picture of social patterns, it is important
to note that - especially in relation to minority groups - it is often
difficult to obtain accurate numerical values, and thus the availability of a
demographic understanding of social structures and patterns. it occurs.
Regarding the constant change. of more accurate data and measurement
techniques.
(a) Fertility
and Fertility: Fertility, in demography, refers to the ability of females
to produce healthy offspring in abundance. Fertility is the potential fertility
of a woman
(b) Mortality
Rate: Mortality refers to the limited nature of humanity: people die.
Mortality in demography is interested in the number of deaths in a given time
or place, or the proportion of deaths in relation to a population.
25. Describe the causes for the growth of casteism in
India and mention two of its merits. 6
Ans: There are many Causes for Casteism. Some of them are
as follows:
(i) Casteism
increases when a particular group improves its caste status. In order to
achieve such a position the members also adopt the most unfair means to enhance
the prestige of their caste.
(ii) Another
factor is marital rules such as endogamy, that is, marriage within the group.
Under the caste system, which allows casteism to be perpetuated, such
restrictions on marriage force a person to marry within their own caste group,
which brings harmony within the group, thereby increasing casteism.
(iii) The
communication between rural and urban areas became easier through urbanization.
Caste sentiments were easily carried through the members from rural areas to
urban areas through migration. The members of the caste have to face various
problems and as a result, the need was felt to provide security on communal
lines. This factor of need for security also encourages casteism.
(iv) Easy access to
means of transport and communication is another factor that contributes to the
growth of casteism. Members of the same caste, who were not in contact with
each other earlier, are now able to establish intimate relationships. It became
easy to spread the feeling of casteism through mass media like newspapers,
magazines etc.
Racism has a
profound effect on society. From the individual to the entire nation, it
affects the entire society.
Features of
Caste System:
Time and again,
the Indian caste system has been attacked from various walks of life and held
responsible for all the evils from which the society is suffering.
But despite these
attacks continuing as before, this fact proves that the system is not as bad as
it should be. The fact that the Brahmins maintained their supremacy for two
thousand years proves that they deserved to be in a position of supremacy.
Following are
the merits of caste system:
(i) Trade
Unions and Orphanages:
It has
provided a certain social environment to each individual. In Hutton's words,
"He is thus provided with a permanent body of unions that govern almost
all of his dealings and contacts. His caste influences his choice in marriage,
his trade union, his friendly or beneficial society." serves as their
state-club and their orphanage; it provides health insurance for them and, if
necessary, also provides for their funerals."
(ii) Spirit
of Cooperation:
It has
promoted the spirit of cooperation and brotherhood among the members of the
same caste. By helping the poor and needy, it has avoided the need for a state
to support the poor. It reduces jealousy or sadness.
26. Write a note on liberalization and Indian
economy. 6
Ans: The policy of liberalization in India started in
the late 1980s. Under the liberalization program, Indian markets were opened to
foreign companies. Now, many foreign branded goods are sold in India, which
were not available earlier. Under the liberalization program, privatization of
public companies started in India. Earlier, Indian agriculture was protected
from the world market by support prices and subsidies. But after
liberalisation, such support prices and subsidies are reduced or withdrawn.
Similarly, after liberalisation, as foreign multinationals entered the Indian
market, small manufacturers faced fierce competition from such foreign firms.
In addition, the liberalization program has encouraged economic development in
India.
After liberalisation,
employment opportunities for Indian youth increased manifold as foreign big
firms started outsourcing to India. These changes took place in the Indian
economy after liberalisation.
27. Discuss about the causes of change in joint family
system. 6
Ans: (a) Knowledge of women: Knowledge of
women is also responsible for the disintegration of joint family. Young
educated women being fully aware of their new rights and status in the society
are no longer ready to present their mother-in-law with humility. The
mother-in-law with her traditional domineering attitude fails to adjust herself
with the educated women of the younger generation. As a result, conflicts arise
and end in the dissolution of the joint family.
(b) Influence
of Western Culture: Western culture has encouraged individualistic
tendencies among young men and women, as a result of which they do not want
their fate to be tied to joint family forever. B B Saha has rightly observed
that individualism as a gift of Western culture has given rise to separatist
tendencies. Moreover, they do not like to live in the tight grip of joint
family influenced by western values like rationalism, equality, liberty etc.
The end result is the disintegration of the joint family system.
(c) Overpopulation:
In rural India, agriculture is the main occupation of the rural people. Since
the land is stagnant, agriculture fails to provide employment to the increasing
number of people dependent on it. Rapid growth of population leads to imbalance
of man and land equation. People are forced to move to cities and towns in
search of employment. This has led to the disintegration of the joint family.
(d) Developed
Means of Transport and Communication: In the past, there has hardly been
any significant development in the field of transport and communication. So the
level of mobility was low. But today there is mass mobility as a result of the
developed means of transport and communication. People go to different places
to avail better employment opportunities. Due to this joint families start
breaking up.
(e) Changes in
the Marriage System: Changes in the marriage system have an adverse effect
on the continuity of the joint family system. The solemnization of marriage at
an early age, the restricted role of the head of the family in mate selection,
the freedom enjoyed by young men and women in matrimonial matters, most people
treat marriage as a social ceremony rather than a religious sacrament. , etc.,
the relationship has weakened.
(f) Housing
problem: The housing problem has a major part in the disintegration of the
joint family system. This problem is more pronounced in big cities and metros.
The members of a joint family find it extremely difficult to live together
despite their will and desire. Needless to say that housing problem leads to
loss of privacy of people and lack of adjustment and understanding among
people, making healthy functioning of joint family impossible.
Or
Describe in
detail about the problems of tribal society.
Ans: On
the political and economic front, the tribal societies had to face the
infiltration of moneylenders. They were losing their land to non-tribal
immigrant settlers. The government policy of reservation of forests and the
introduction of mining operations restricted their access to forests. National
development during the Nehru era allowed tribals to settle their land. Many
large dams, factories and mines were established during this period. Since the
tribal areas were located in the mineral-rich and forest-covered parts of the
country for building dams and exploiting minerals, the tribes were evicted.
Thus, this type of development benefitted the mainstream at the expense of the
tribes. The loss of the forest was a major blow to the tribal communities.
During the British period, there was systematic exploitation of forests and
this trend continues even after independence. The government's decision to make
land a private property also adversely affected the tribal people. Many tribal
areas have also experienced the problems of heavy migration of non-tribals.
This threatens to disrupt and overwhelm tribal communities and cultures, in
addition to accelerating the process of exploitation of tribals. For example, a
state like Tripura had stagnated the tribal portion of its population within a
decade, making tribals a minority.
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