AHSEC| CLASS 12| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2016| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2016
Sociology
Full marks: 100
Time: 3 hours
1. Answer the following questions: 1x12=12
(a) Who was
the founder of “Arya Samaj”?
Ans: Swami Dayanand Saraswati.
(b) Which
major religion exists in India?
Ans: Hindu.
(c) Who has
first introduced the concept of Sanskritization?
Ans:M. N. Srinivas.
(d) In which
year the French Revolution took place?
Ans: 1789.
(e) Who wrote
the book “Essay on Population”?
Ans: Thomas Robert Malthus.
(f) What is
the main basis of rural economy?
Ans: Agriculture.
(g) To which
of the group family belongs?
Ans: Primary group.
(h) When was
“Special Marriage Act” passed?
Ans: 1954.
(i) The term
Dalit was coined by Dr. Ambedkar. - Yes/ No.
Ans: No.
(j) Who was
leader of social movement in Jharkhand?
Ans: Birsha Munda.
(k) What are
included in print media?
Ans: Book, Newspaper, Magazines.
(l) Give an
example of closed stratification.
Ans: Caste.
2. Define modernization.
2
Ans: Earlier, modernizationreferred to the improvement
that science and technological development brought out to the society.
Increasingly, the terms has been used to refer to the path of development that Europe
and America has taken. As a sociological concept, it means that people are
influenced not just by local, but universal contexts. Modernization often
implies that growth of scientific attitude.
3. Mention two characteristics of tribes. 2
Ans:(i) The tribal people didn’t practice a religion
with a written text.
(ii) The tribals
didn’t have a state or political organisation of the normal kind.
4. What do you mean by social stratification? 2
Ans: Social stratification means hierarchical
arrangement of different segments of society into ‘strata’ or subgroups whose
members share the same general positions in the hierarchy.
5. Write on the importance of kinship system. 2
Ans: The bond of blood or marriage which binds people
together in a group is called kinship. The importance of kinship lies in the
fact that it creates a group. Marriage assigns each mother a husband and makes
her children his children and thus creates a family.
6. Define caste. 2
Ans: According to Arnold Green, “Caste is a system of
stratification in which mobility, up and down the status ladder, at least
ideally may not occur.”
According to
Cooley, “When a class is some what strictly hereditary, we may call it a
caste.”
7. What is political party? 2
Ans: Political party is an organization established
with the aim of achieving governmental powers through electoral process.
8. Mention two features of class. 2
Ans:(i) Class system is an open system of social
stratification. Individual is free to move in the hierarchical ladder depending
upon his quality.
(ii) A social
class is distinguished from other classes by certain customary modes of
behaviour, which are taken to be characteristics of that class and may be
concerned with such things as dress pattern, way of recreation and expenditure
etc.
9. Write on two factors that encourage regionalism. 2
Ans: The two factors that encourage regionalism are:
(i) Diversity on
basis of language, culture, tribal identity, ethnicity etc. encourage
regionalism.
(ii) Regional
imbalances in the sphere of economy and growth, sentiment of reginal
deprivation etc. are some other courses of regionalism.
10. What do you mean by environmental movement? 2
Ans: An environmental movement is a type of social
movement that involves an array of individuals, groups and coalitions that
perceive a common interest in environmental protection and act to bring about
changes in environmental policies and practices.
11. Mention two basic characteristics of
globalization. 2
Ans:(i) The process of globalisation is more economic
than political and social. It actually implies growing economics
interconnectedness all around the globe.
(ii) The sole
force behind the process of globalisation is scientific and technological
development that took place within a very short span of time. The fastest means
of communication like internet, mobile phone, satellite tv game impetus to
globalisation.
12. Differentiate
between caste and varna. 2
Ans: The most common
difference between 'caste' and 'varna' is that while the classification of the
four varnas is the same across India, there are more localized classifications
in the caste hierarchy that differ from region to region.
13. Mention any two
functions of village panchayat. 2
Ans: (i)
Preparation of plans and plans for economic development.
(ii) Promoting
schemes that promote social justice.
14. Explain in brief
about Dalit movement. 4
Ans: The Dalit
movement is the struggle for identity when the fellow human begins. It is a
struggle for self-confidence and a place of self-determination. No one is
alone, integrated. Dalit Movements in the country Various movements have
highlighted various issues related to Dalits. However, they all claim a Dalit
identity which is not the same or accurate for all. Despite differences in the
meaning of identity of the nature and origin of the Dalit movement, all Dalit
movements are searching for equality, self-respect and the abolition of
untouchability. This can be seen in the Satnami movement of Chamars. Religion
movement in Punjab, Mahar movement in Maharashtra etc. In the contemporary
period, along with the Dalit movement, the group of Dalit literature also grew.
15. What are the
different types of mass-media? 4
Ans: Different types
of mass media are:-
(i) Print Media: It may be from
billboards to coupons and is one among the best and oldest strategies of
reaching intent on the lots. Originally, medium brought up newspapers, that
were the first sources of knowledge.
(ii) outside Media: close selling could
be a classic example of contemporary outside media. Brands use uncommon places
and things to push their product. Take Folgers, for instance.
(iii) Broadcast Media: With the
assistance of associate degree electronic broadcasting medium, audio and video
content is distributed to a scattered audience. Television, radio, video and
games.
(iv) Digital Media: There area unit
concerning four.66 billion active web users worldwide in 2021, which suggests
that the globe depends on digital media. Today, brands promote their
merchandise and services through sites, YouTube, podcasts, and more.
16. Show the merits
of internet. 4
Ans: (i)
Information, knowledge and learning.
(ii)
Connectivity, communication and sharing.
(iii) Address,
mapping and contact information.
(iv) Banking,
Billing and Shopping.
(v) Selling and
earning money.
(vi)
Collaboration, work from home and access to a global workforce.
(vii) Donations
and funding.
(viii)
Entertainment.
17. Write short note
on Secularism. 4
Ans: Secularism
may be a philosophy that has 2 basic propositions. the primary is that the
strict separation of the state from spiritual establishments. The second is
that individuals of various religions and beliefs ar equal before the law.
school of thought ensures that a state cannot select any faith because the
state faith.
In easy words,
school of thought is cited as AN ideology that entitles individuals to follow
any faith or not follow any. It provides responsibility to the state to take
care of neutrality in matters of religions. in a very profane country, no state
will de jure support or hate a selected faith.
18. Discuss about the
problems faced by Schedule Caste. 4
Ans: The lower
castes that were ranked in the lower tier of the caste hierarchy were listed as
Scheduled Castes by the British administrators. They were exploited by the
upper castes. The castes at the bottom of the hierarchy faced severe
discrimination. The so-called untouchable castes were also included in the
scheduled castes. The Scheduled Castes faced exclusion, subjugation,
humiliation and exploitation. Dalits were being prohibited from sharing sources
of drinking water, or from participating in collection religious worship,
social gatherings and festivals. In addition, gestures of respect such as
taking off clothes, carrying shoes in hand, standing with head bowed, etc. were
very common. The Scheduled Castes also faced economic exploitation through forced,
unpaid labor and confiscation of property. Thus the Scheduled Castes had to
face various socio-economic problems.
19. Explain briefly
the impact of casteism in Indian Society. 4
Ans: An important
principle of the caste system imposed in India is the principle of inequality.
Caste was a very unequal institution – some castes benefited greatly from the
system, while others were condemned to a life of endless labor and subjugation.
Furthermore, the institution of caste is hierarchical, where each caste holds
an ordered rank in a ladder-like arrangement arranged from highest to lowest.
Thus, the caste system enforces the principle of inequality in our own society.
The caste system
also implemented the principle of 'purity and pollution' in our society. Purity
is considered close to the sacred, while pollution is considered to be the
opposite of something distant or sacred, hence considered religiously polluted.
Castes considered to be religiously pure have a high status, while those
considered to be less pure have a lower status. Thus, the caste system enforced
the principle of 'purity and pollution' in our society.
20. Discuss about merits and demerits of democracy. 4
Ans: The merits of democracy are:
(i) Democracy
upholds the doctrine of Natural Rights and widens the scope of equal rights and
opportunities. Democracy recognizes the principle that all men are born free
and equal.
(ii) Democracy
makes people patriotic. People identify their individual interests with the
whole state. It promotes healthy nationalism because people have a share in the
administration.
Demerits:
(i) Democracy
places more emphasis on quantity than on quality. The opinion of two
inexperienced men is more acceptable than opinion of an experienced man. Thus,
it becomes the rule of the average, not rule of the best.
(ii) Democracy is
criticised for fostering corruption. The political parties try to capture power
by any means and while doing so they indulge in various corrupt practices and
neglect the interests of the people.
21. What are the
impacts of westernisation on Indian Society? 4
Ans: The impact of westernization on Indian society is wide and
far-reaching. The process of westernization itself indicates the changes in the
Indian society in the form of western influence. M.N. Srinivas defined
Westernization as "the changes brought about by more than 150 years of
British rule in Indian society and culture, the term encompassing changes in
various strata, technology, institutions, ideology and values." As a
result of westernization, the way of thinking and living of Indians changed. As
a result of English education Indians came to know about the struggle for
freedom and equality in America in Europe. Apart from this, westernization also
affected Indian art and literature. Artists like Ravi Varma, Bankimchandra etc.
were influenced by western style and technique.
A part of all
this, westernization multiplied the process of industrialization, urbanization
and secularisation.
22. Discuss in brief
the major characteristics of joint family.
4
Ans: Following are
the main features of joint family:
(i) Large Size: The size of the joint
family is large. This includes parents, children, grandchildren and their wives
as well as other close relatives.
(ii) Common Residence: The members of a
joint family usually live under one roof.
(iii) A productive unit: The joint
family acts as a productive unit. Joint family helps in agriculture and
business activities.
(iv) Joint Property: Property is owned,
produced and consumed on a joint basis. The head of the family is like a
trustee who manages the family property for the welfare of the family members.
23. How population
affects the economic development? Discuss.
4
Ans: Population
affects the process of economic development. When the population of a
particular country increases manifold, it puts additional pressure on the basic
necessities of human life as well as the infrastructure. On the other hand the
declining population accelerates the rate of growth. Similarly the age structure
of the population also affects the development pattern of that state. The
demographic dividend has the advantage of changing the age structure. When the
dependency ratio is reduced, it becomes a source of economic growth and
prosperity. Thus, population affects the economic development of a particular
state.
24. What is green revolution? Explain the social
consequences of green revolution.
2+4=6
Ans: Green Revolution was a government program of
agricultural modernization. It was largely funded by international agencies on
the basis of hybrid seeds with pesticides, fertilizers etc. Green Revolution
programs were started only in those areas which had assured irrigation. It
mainly targeted wheat and rice growing areas.
The social
consequences of the Green Revolution are as follows:
First, the
Green Revolution increased inequalities in rural areas. Wealthy farmers who had
land capital, technical know-how and who could invest in new seeds and
fertilizers could increase their production and earn more money while the poor
stagnated or became poorer.
Secondly, the
introduction of machinery like tillers, tractors, harvesters, etc. led to the
displacement of the service caste group, which carried out these agricultural
activities.
Third, due to
the Green Revolution in many places, there was displacement of the
cultivators-farmers. As the Green Revolution made farming more profitable,
landlords took back land directly from their tenants for cultivation.
Fourth, the
Green Revolution has grown rather than diminished, mainly for two reasons,
protecting farmers' livelihoods. Firstly, the farmers who once grew food grains
for consumption are now dependent on the market for their income.
25. “Unity in diversity” is the unique feature of Indian
Society Explain. 6
Ans: Different countries have different religions and
different people. Chara is widely used to describe India which is home to a
multi-ethnic, multilingual and multi-religious society. The subcontinent's long
and varied history has given it a unique eclectic culture that is often
associated with spirituality. India's diversity compels it to develop a strong
foundation to either become and serve or face breakdown. Such a situation has
compelled the Indian society to promote the approach of unity in diversity.
26. Discuss about the demographic theory of Malthus. 6
Ans: Robert Malthus's theory of population growth was
outlined in his essay on population published in 1798. Malthus argued that the
human population grows at a much faster rate than the rate at which humans can
produce a means of subsistence, especially food, that is, agriculture. Grow.
Therefore, humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the growth
of agricultural production will always exceed population growth. According to
Malthus, prosperity can be increased only by controlling population growth.
Unfortunately, humanity has a limited ability to voluntarily reduce the growth
of its population (by preventive checks such as after marriage or by practicing
sexual abstinence or celibacy). Malthus therefore believed that positive
control over population growth in the form of famines and diseases was
inevitable, as he wired nature to deal with the imbalance between the food
supply and the growing population. Malthus' prediction proved to be false, as
both food production and living standards continued to rise despite rapid
population growth. Liberal and Marxist scholars also criticized Malthus, who
argued that problems such as poverty and hunger were caused by unequal
distribution of economic resources rather than by population growth.
Or
Write a note
on liberalisation and Indian Economy.
Ans: The
policy of liberalization in India started in the late 1980s. Under the
liberalization program, Indian markets were opened to foreign companies. Now,
many foreign branded goods are sold in India, which were not available earlier.
Under the liberalization program, privatization of public companies started in
India. Earlier, Indian agriculture was protected from the world market by
support prices and subsidies. But after liberalisation, such support prices and
subsidies are reduced or withdrawn. Similarly, after liberalisation, as foreign
multinationals entered the Indian market, small manufacturers faced fierce
competition from such foreign firms. In addition, the liberalization program
has stimulated economic development in India.
After
liberalisation, employment opportunities for Indian youth increased manifold as
foreign big firms started outsourcing to India. These changes took place in the
Indian economy after liberalisation.
27. Discuss in brief the causes of change in Indian
tribal society. 6
Ans: Political, social and economic developments have
brought about major commercial and techno-cultural changes in our society.
These changes have fostered relationships and interactions between castes,
tribes, religious groups and cultural regions. We see the significant magnitude
of the diffusion effect of these cultural changes across regions and ethnic
boundaries.
However, these
developments have also strengthened people's self-consciousness and narrow
cultural identity organized on the principles of ethnicity, religion, caste,
language and region. There has been an increase in the process of cultural
integration at the national level but at the same time there has been an
increase in the pursuit of cultural autonomy.
Or
Explain
briefly the different characteristics of urban society.
Ans: Urban
life and personality are influenced by the physical and social conditions of
urban life—anonymity, social distance, speed and stress, regimentation,
impersonal social interactions, mobility and transit, etc. These conditions
generate impersonalities, insecurities and divisions of personality, which seem
to be universal features of worldwide urbanization (or urban community).
(i) Large
size and high density of population: The size of the urban community is
much larger than that of the rural community. Not only this, the density of
population is high in urban areas. Density increases the number of short-term,
impersonal and utilitarian social relationships a person has.
(ii)
Heterogeneity: The urban population is heterogeneous. It includes different
types of people- different castes, classes, ethnic groups, religions etc. They
are not all the same. The urban community is notable for its diversity.
(iii)
Anonymity: Heavy pressure of marks for anonymity. Anonymity is the loss of
identity and a sense of belonging. The diversity of urban life with a mix of
people of all races, castes, classes, creeds, occupations and ethnic origins
adds to the sense of anonymity.
(iv)
Mobility and Transience: Urban life is dynamic. Social relationships are
temporary. Therefore, permanence does not develop in urban relations. Urban
areas have high rates of geographic and social mobility. In the US, on average,
a person changes their job (occupational mobility) within six years.
(v)
Formalization of relations: In urban social life, relations are intimate
and not based on kinship. Most of the regular social interactions in the city
are impersonal and fragmented. Formal politeness takes the place of genuine
friendship. The impersonality of urban life is a necessary and convenient way
of living urban life.
(vi) Social Distancing: The people of the city are physically overcrowded but socially distanced. Social distancing is a product of anonymity, impersonality and diversity. Occupational differences can be an even more important source of social distancing. Urban people become neighbours, not neighbours. Apartment residents can live for years without any acquaintance with many other occupants.
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