AHSEC| CLASS 12| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2019| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2019
Sociology
Times: 3 hours
Full marks: 100
1. Answer the following questions: 1x12=12
(a) What is infant mortality rate?
Ans: The infant mortality rate is the
number of deaths in live births in a given geographic area during a year;
Before per 1000 live births occurring among the population of a given
geographic area during the same year.
(b) Who put forward the occupational theory
of Caste?
Ans: According to this principle, the creator of the universe,
Bhima, created the caste system.
(c) In which year, India introduced
National Family Planning Programme?
Ans: 1952
(d) Who formed the All India Scheduled
Caste Federation?
Ans: B. R.
Ambedkar.
(e) What is dominant Caste"?
Ans: The dominant caste is a middle or
upper-middle class caste with a large population and newly acquired land
ownership rights. This combination makes these castes politically, economically
and therefore socially dominant in rural areas in many regions of India.
(f) What is Structural Change?
Ans: Structural change in economics is
a change or change in the basic modes of functioning or operation of a market
or economy.
(g) Srinivas suggested that while lower
castes' sought to be Sansktritised, "upper castes' sought to be Westernized. (Fill in the gaps)
(h)
What is the full form of ICDS”?
Ans: Integrated
Child Development Service.
(i) Write one negative Consequence of Green
Revolution.
Ans: Loss of
Biodiversity.
(j) Mention a tribe from North East India.
Ans: Garo.
(k) Noakhali
riots Movement was a struggle of sharecroppers in Bengal and in
Bihar that took place in the year 1946. (Fill in the blanks)
(l)
Mention a social responsibility of the Panchayat System.
Ans: Recording
status of birth and death.
2. Write two
importance of study of demography.
2
Ans: (i)
Democracy upholds the doctrine of Natural Rights and widens the scope of equal
rights and opportunities. Democracy recognizes the principle that all men are
born free and equal.
(ii) Democracy
makes people patriotic. People identify their individual interests with the
whole state. It promotes healthy nationalism because people have a share in the
administration.
3. Define Social Institution
and write one example. 2
Ans: Social
institutions are sets of established norms and sub-systems that support the
existence of each society. Each sector performs certain functions and has
different responsibilities that contribute to the overall functioning and
stability of the society.
Examples: community service
organizations, educational institutions.
4. What is the
difference between matrillined and matriarchal family? 2
Ans: When the
women of a family exercise authority and dominance in that family, it is called
matriarchal family. Matrilineal family is a theoretical rather than a practical
concept. In a married family, women inherit property from their mother.
5. Define 'Communalism'
with one example. 2
Ans: Communalism
refers to aggressive chauvinism based on the identity of religion. Communalism
is a political ideology that holds that religion replaces all other aspects of
the identity of individuals or groups with a generally aggressive and hostile
attitude towards individuals or groups of other religious identities.
6. Write two features
of Caste System in India. 2
Ans: The caste
system has two features -
(a) Caste is
determined by birth.
(b) Caste is an
endogamous group.
7. Write two Powers
delegated to the Panchayats in India.
2
Ans: (i) To prepare plans and plans for economic development.
(ii) To promote
schemes promoting social justice.
8. Mention two causes
of modernization. 2
Ans: There are at
least two major and related reasons for modernization. One is the development
in science that (in Europe) came with the Enlightenment. The second is the
increase in available technology. When a country is pre-modern, its people
usually do not believe in science.
9. Write two
functions of Political Parties in a democracy. 2
Ans: (i) A political party contests an election by fielding a
candidate.
(ii) In
countries like the United States, candidates are selected by the members and
supporters of a party.
10. What is
environmental movement? Give one example. 2
Ans: The
environmental movement is an international movement that is represented by a
number of organizations ranging from large to grassroots and varies from
country to country. Tong, Yankee (2005) indicated that the environmental
movement.
11. Write two Social
functions of family. 2
Ans: Some
important social functions of the family are:
(i) It regulates
sexual relations.
(ii) It
transfers the culture from one generation to another.
12. Define Social
Stratification and give one example of Social Stratification. 2
Ans: Social
stratification refers to the classification of a society of its people on the
basis of factors such as wealth, income, education, family background and
power. Geologists also use the term "stratification" to describe the
specific vertical layers found in rock.
13. What is a reform
movement? Mention one reform movement of India. 2
Ans: A social
reform movement is an ongoing collective effort that focuses on certain aspects
of social change and reform.
Prarthana Samaj
is one of the major reform movement in western India founded in 1867 by Dr.
Atmaram Pandurang, Mohdev Govind Ranade and Ramkrishna Bhandarkar against the
caste system and the practice of untouchability. The leaders of Prathana Samaj
were influenced by Brahmo Samaj.
14. Write four causes
of change in the family system of India. 4
Ans: (a) Knowledge of women: Knowledge of women is
also responsible for the disintegration of joint family. Young educated women
being fully aware of their new rights and status in the society are no longer
ready to present their mother-in-law with humility. The mother-in-law with her
traditional domineering attitude fails to adjust herself with the educated
women of the younger generation. As a result, conflicts arise and end in the
dissolution of the joint family.
(b) Influence
of Western Culture: Western culture has encouraged individualistic
tendencies among young men and women, as a result of which they do not want
their fate to be tied to joint family forever. B BSaha has rightly observed
that individualism as a gift of Western culture has given rise to separatist
tendencies. Moreover, they do not like to live in the tight grip of joint
family influenced by western values like rationalism, equality, liberty etc.
The end result is the disintegration of the joint family system.
(c)
Overpopulation: In rural India, agriculture is the main occupation of the
rural people. Since the land is stagnant, agriculture fails to provide
employment to the increasing number of people dependent on it. Rapid growth of
population leads to imbalance of man and land equation. People are forced to
move to cities and towns in search of employment. This has led to the
disintegration of the joint family.
(d) Developed
Means of Transport and Communication: In the past, there has hardly been
any significant development in the field of transport and communication. So the
level of mobility was low. But today there is mass mobility as a result of the
developed means of transport and communication. People go to different places
to avail better employment opportunities. Due to this joint families start
breaking up.
Or
Write what changes do you see in the caste
system at present. 4
Ans: The institution of caste underwent
major changes during the colonial period. The 1901 census, under the direction
of Herbert Risley, was particularly important because it collected information
about the position of each caste in the caste social hierarchy. The scholarly
belief is that such a direct attempt to enumerate caste and officially record
caste status changed the institution itself. Before such interventions, caste
identification was less rigid; Once they were counted and recorded, caste
identification became more rigid.
The land revenue
settlement laws gave legal recognition to the caste-based rights of the upper
castes. These castes have now become zamindars in the modern sense rather than
feudal lords claiming the produce of the land. Thus the upper castes became
zamindars.
Towards the end
of the colonial period, the British administration took an interest in the
welfare of the downtrodden castes, who were then called the 'Dalit Classes'.
government. The India Act 1935 gave legal recognition to the lists or schedules
of castes and tribes for providing special treatment by the state. Thus, the
terms 'Scheduled Tribe' and 'Scheduled Caste' came into existence. Present
system of reservation for SC, ST. came into existence during the colonial
period.
15. Write about the
functions of Kinship System. 4
Ans: The bond of
blood or marriage which binds people in a group is called Kinship. The
importance of kinship lies in the fact that it forms a group. Marriage provides
each mother with a husband and makes her children her own children and thus
creates a family. In addition, the role relationship between kinship relatives
governs how one relative should behave in the presence of a particular
relative, or what one relative owes to another. Kinship provides guidelines for
interactions between individuals.
Or
Write the salient features of Social Class.
Ans: Some of the features of social
class are as follows:-
(i) Class system
is an open system of social stratification. One is free to climb the graded
ladder on the basis of his quality.
(ii) A social
class is distinguished from other classes by certain customary modes of behaviour
which are taken as features of that class and may be related to things like
dress patterns, modes of entertainment and expenditure etc.
(iii) There is a
feeling of equality in the social class with respect to the members of its
class, whereas there is a feeling of inferiority in relation to the people
standing above the social level.
(iv) The only
basis of caste system in the economy. Another remarkable feature of the caste
system is that the privileged class not only wants to keep them exclusive but
also wants to increase them.
16. What is the
meaning of Mass media? What are its wide variety of forms? 4
Ans: The main
function of mass media is to spread information, knowledge, news and ideas etc.
to the mass audience. The relationship between mass media and society is
dialectical. Both guess each other. The nature and role of mass media is
influenced by the society whereas mass media also speculates on the society.
During the colonial period, the mass media nurtured and organized the
anti-colonial masses but after independence Jawaharlal Nehru, the country's
first Prime Minister, called upon the media to act as the watchdogs of
democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and
national development among the people. In the early years of independence, the
media was seen as a means of informing the people about the various
developmental efforts of the government. The media was also encouraged to fight
against the oppression of social practices like untouchability, child marriage,
illiteracy etc. Thus, the functions of mass media change with the nature and
needs of the society.
Mass
communication differs from other means of communication because it requires a
formal structural organization to meet the demands of large-scale capital
production and management. The state or market plays a major role in the
structure and functioning of mass media. Mass media works through very large
organizations with large investments and large body of employees.
As far as the
means of mass communication are concerned - it can be classified into two types
- print media and electronic media. Newspapers, magazines, magazines, news
bulletins, etc. are included in the print media. On the other hand electronic
media includes radio, TV, internet, telephone, mobile phone etc.
Or
Write a brief mote on the Dalit Movement in
India.
Ans: The Dalit movement is the struggle
for identity when the fellow human begins. It is a struggle for self-confidence
and a place of self-determination. No one is alone, integrated. Dalit Movements
in the country Various movements have highlighted various issues related to
Dalits. However, they all claim a Dalit identity which is not the same or
accurate for all. Despite differences in the meaning of identity of the nature
and origin of the Dalit movement, all Dalit movements are searching for
equality, self-respect and the abolition of untouchability. This can be seen in
the Satnami movement of Chamars. Religion movement in Punjab, Mahar movement in
Maharashtra etc. In the contemporary period, along with the Dalit movement, the
group of Dalit literature also grew.
17. Write briefly
about the National Family Welfare Programme. 4
Ans: India became
the first country in the world to introduce a family planning program in 1952
with the goal of reducing fertility and slowing population growth. Since
October 1997, the services and interventions under the Family Welfare Program
and Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Program Dye have been integrated with
the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Programme, to address customer
preferences, service quality, gender issues and Addresses lesser aspects. such
as service groups. , including teenagers. As a subsequent course of action, Cover
of India adopted a new approach, now under a larger and more comprehensive
umbrella with a well-defined focus for 10.10 planning efforts. Child Health and
Adolescent) Program again, the country has developed a fondness for new
contraceptives, institutionalization of fixed day services with aggressive
focus on quality in family planning, revitalization of postpartum and
post-abortion family planning services, male The focus is on participation. Its
interventions to focus and focus on community based schemes. Streamlining and
strengthening commodity security through ASHA, Public Private Partnership etc.
The government is also harnessing the expertise of various partners in the
areas of IEC and BCC along with a new focused communication campaign, program
management, quality improvement, advocacy through evaluation, capacity
building. Evaluation, feasibility study, development of resource material and
modules for successful implementation of e-lay programme, software development,
social marketing, social franchise and provision of skilled human resource.
18. Write four
conditions necessary for the success of democracy.
Ans: The
conditions laid by the famous English philosopher John Stuart Mill for the
success of democracy are:
(i) People
should awaken the right thinking of their mind to accept the democratic
governance system.
(ii) the people
should be committed to the defense of their liberty and rights, and
(iii) People
should be aware of their duty.
Or
What is
regionalism? What are the causes of growth of regionalism? 4
Ans:
Regionalism in a positive sense means love for the area in which one lives.
It's a natural thing. However, its negative sentiment prevails in India which
means love for its region over and above the whole country. Regionalism in
India means that regional and narrow demands are made on the political system,
which are opposed all over the country.
The causes
for the growth of regionalism are:-
(i)
Geographical Component
(ii) Historico -
Cultural Component,
(iii) History,
(iv) Culture,
(v) Language,
(vi) Economic
component,
(vii) Political
- Administrative Component
19. Write four features of liberalization policy. 4
Ans: Some of the features of liberalization policy
are as follows: -
(i) Free
Market: A feature of liberalization is free market or laissez faire.
Laissez faire is an economic philosophy that advocates a free-market system and
minimal government interference in economic affairs.
(ii)
Privatization: Privatization refers to the process of sale or disinvestment
of government companies, which is also a central feature of liberalisation.
(iii) Market
expansion and integration, which means that a change in the market in one part
of the world affects elsewhere.
(iv)
Marketisation, which means the use of market-based processes to solve social,
political and economic problems.
Or
Write in
brief the impact of globalisation in India. 4
Ans: The
policy of liberalization in India started in the late 1980s. Under the
liberalization program, Indian markets were opened to foreign companies. Now
many foreign brands are sold in India, which were not available earlier. Under
the liberalization program, privatization of public companies started in India.
Earlier, Indian agriculture was protected from the world market by support
prices and subsidies. But after liberalisation, such support prices and
subsidies are reduced or withdrawn. Similarly, after liberalisation, as foreign
multinationals entered the Indian market, small manufacturers faced fierce competition
from such foreign firms. In addition, the liberalization program has stimulated
economic development in India.
After
liberalisation, employment opportunities for Indian youth increased manifold as
foreign big firms started outsourcing to India.
These changes
took place in the Indian economy after liberalisation.
20. Write the differences between social demography and
formal demography. 4
Ans: Formal demography is the systematic approach to
study population whereas social demography is the newer approach. Formal
demography is narrow because it does not study the social characteristics that
affect a population, but social demography is broad because it also analyzes
those social characteristics in the study of the population.
Formal demography
is primarily concerned with measurement. It deals with things like birth,
death, migration, marriage, divorce etc. Social demography emphasizes the
social, economic and political aspects of a population. The main function of
formal demography is to measure and analyze the components of population
change. It emphasizes on evolutionary analysis. For this it uses mathematical
and statistical methods. It is a method that helps in predicting population
growth and changes in its composition. Social demography or population studies
study the causes and their consequences (consequences) of changes in population
and its structures. Social demographers believe that demographic processes are
governed by social processes and structures. Social scientists, people like
demographers also try to find out the social causes of demographic trends.
21. Write four features of Communalism. 4
Ans: Communalism has been described as a means of
mobilizing people in favour and against by appealing on the basis of
communalism, the basic features of communalism are as follows-
(i) Communalism
is an ideological concept.
(ii) It rests
mostly on prejudices,
(iii) it has a
broad base which includes social, economic and political aspects to its
manifestations,
(iv) It is used
by the upper-class people and the elite as a means of division and
exploitation.
22. What are the Constitutional Provisions for the
minorities and cultural diversity in India?
4
Ans: The need for setting up of a special commission
was considered by the Union Home Ministry in 1978 as an additional step to
create a sense of security and participation in national life among minorities.
It was felt that despite several safeguards, the feeling of inequality and
discrimination persisted among the minorities. However, only in 1993, the
National Commission for Minorities was constituted. It consists of a chairman,
a vice-chairman and 5 members. They are nominated by the central government. All
the members including the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman belong to the minority
communities.
The functions
of the Minorities Commission include the following:
(i) To monitor
and evaluate the progress of development of minorities.
(ii) Oversees
operational security measures to protect the interests of minorities.
(iii) To make
recommendations for safe protection and effective implementation of laws.
(iv) To study
the problems faced by the minorities and suggest remedial action etc.
Based on the
report and recommendations of the Commission, Govt. Takes necessary steps to
protect the interests of minorities. Now, the National Commission for
Minorities now enjoys constitutional status.
Or
Justify
“caste is a closed Stratification.' 4
Ans:
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of different
classes of society into 'levels' or subgroups whose members share the same
position in the hierarchy.
Following
are the characteristics of social stratification:
(i) Social
stratification is a characteristic of society and not merely a function of
individual differences.
(ii) Social
stratification continues through generations.
(iii) Social
stratification is supported by patterns of belief or ideology.
In modern
Western societies, social stratification is generally distinguished in the form
of three social classes –
(i) Upper
class,
(ii) middle
class,
(iii) Lower
class.
23. Mention four remedies of Casteism. 4
Ans: (i) Proper knowledge about caste: Every member
of caste should be given proper education about casteism.
(ii) Less use of
the word caste: Care should be taken in the minimum use of the word caste. The
word caste should be used in a limited context only.
(iii) Inter-caste
marriage: Incentives for inter-caste marriage should be developed among the
youth. This will help them to come closer and develop a healthy relationship
between them.
(iv) Removal of
Socio-Cultural Inequality: Social and cultural inequalities between castes have
been the main reason for creating socio-cultural inequality.
24. Define Sanskritization. Write the changes brought by Sanskritization
in Indian Society. 2+4=6
Ans: Sanskritization can be
defined as the process by which, a lower caste or tribe transfers the customs,
rituals, beliefs, ideology and lifestyle of a higher and especially a Dwij
(Dwija) caste. Is. Takes.
The word
'Sanskritisation' was coined by M.N. Srinivasa Sanskritization is the process
by which a 'lower' caste or tribe or other group adopts the customs, customs,
beliefs, ideology and way of life of a higher and more specifically 'Dwija'
caste.
The effect of
sanskritisation is multifaceted. Its influence can be seen in language,
literature, ideology, music, dance, drama, lifestyle and rituals.
Effects of
Sanskritisation:
(i)
Sanskritization in the social sphere: The social aspect of sanskritisation
is far more important from the point of view of change.
Lower caste
persons are inclined towards Sanskritization because in this way they can
elevate their social status and attain higher status in the caste hierarchy.
(ii)
Sanskritization in the Economic Sector: Economic reforms and
Sanskritization is another related issue. low caste people
To enhance his
economic condition, he gave up unclean occupations because clean business is a
symbol of social light.
(iii)
Sanskritization in the religious sphere: Sanskritization can be seen in the
religious sphere as well. Like Brahmins, people from many lower castes pluck
the sacred thread. They also regularly visit his temple and perform aarti and
bhajan. He has renounced forbidden food and unclean business. They are also
adept at performing ceremonies like Brahmins.
(iv)
Sanskritization in lifestyle: The life patterns of the lower castes have
also been sanskritised. Like the upper castes, they also get bail.
Houses built for
them. Now they sit on the cots with the upper caste without any fear or
hesitation. They also keep their houses clean and wear upper caste clothes.
25. Discuss the Malthusian Theory of Population
Growth. 6
Ans: Robert Malthus's theory of population growth was
outlined in his essay on population published in 1798. Malthus argued that the
human population grows at a much faster rate than the rate at which humans can
produce a means of subsistence, especially food, that is, agriculture. Grow.
Therefore, humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the growth
of agricultural production will always exceed population growth. According to
Malthus, prosperity can be increased only by controlling population growth.
Unfortunately, humanity has a limited ability to voluntarily reduce the growth
of its population (by preventive checks such as after marriage or by practicing
sexual abstinence or celibacy). Malthus therefore believed that positive
control over population growth in the form of famines and diseases was
inevitable, as he wired nature to deal with the imbalance between the food
supply and the growing population. Malthus' prediction proved to be false, as
both food production and living standards continued to rise despite rapid
population growth. Liberal and Marxist scholars also criticized Malthus, who
argued that problems such as poverty and hunger were caused by unequal
distribution of economic resources rather than by population growth.
26. Write a note on Untouchability. 6
Ans: Untouchability is an extreme and particularly
vicious aspect of the caste system that prescribes stringent social sanctions
against members of castes below the purity-pollution scale. Strictly speaking,
the untouchables are outside the caste hierarchy, they are considered so
'impure' that their mere touch seriously pollutes the members of all castes,
bringing terrible punishments for the former and elaborate purification rituals
for the latter. does. obliges to do. In fact, the notion of 'distance
pollution' was present in many areas of India, even the presence or shadow of
an 'untouchable' person was considered polluting. Despite the limited literal
meaning of the word, the institution of 'untouchability' refers not only to the
avoidance or prohibition of physical contact, but also to a broader set of
social restrictions.
There are three
main dimensions of untouchability – namely exclusion, humiliation-subjugation
and exploitation – all equally important to define the phenomenon. Dalits
experience forms of exclusion that are unique and not prevalent against other
groups, for example, are forbidden to share drinking water sources or
participate in mass religious worship, social gatherings and festivals. . Happen.
They can also involve being coerced into a subordinate role. Finally,
untouchability is a pan-India phenomenon, although its specific forms and
intensity vary greatly across regions and socio-historical contexts.
27. Discuss the Social Problems of the Scheduled
Caste. 6
Ans: The lower castes that were ranked in the lower
tier of the caste hierarchy were listed as Scheduled Castes by the British
administrators. These castes were exploited by the upper castes. The castes at
the bottom of the hierarchy faced severe discrimination. The so-called
untouchable castes were also included in the scheduled castes. The Scheduled
Castes faced exclusion, subjugation, humiliation and exploitation. Dalits were
being prohibited from sharing sources of drinking water, or from participating
in collection religious worship, social gatherings and festivals. In addition,
gestures of respect such as taking off the hat, carrying shoes in hand,
standing with head bowed, etc. were very common. The Scheduled Castes also faced
economic exploitation through forced, unpaid labour and confiscation of
property. Thus, the Scheduled Castes had to face various socio-economic
problems.
Or
"Indian
Society is a Plural Society.” – Justify the statement. 6
Ans: About
a century ago, a famous British author, John Strachey, gave a judgment about
India that may serve as a start for the discussion of India as a pluralistic
society. India had none of the qualities of nationalism that characterized
those outstanding examples of nationalism, England and France, common language,
proudly shared historical experience, common religious traditions, internal
political unity, racial homogeneity, widely shared cultural experience. He was
clearly lacking in India. Over the years, Strachey's denial of nationality to
India has resonated in some form, and since 1947, a host of American and
European writers have made a living, and a generation of academics have
achieved vivacious energy tenure. The reasons why India cannot survive as a
united country, Indians themselves have been greatly influenced by the inherent
danger in their nation, what they call "fragment list tendencies",
features of society that appear to threaten national unity. Huh. Those divisive
forces are well-known. Instead of a common language, there are at least
thirteen major languages and dozens of minor languages. There are centuries
old divisions of society on the basis of caste and class.
***
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