AHSEC| CLASS 12| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2018| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2018
Sociology
Times: 3 hours
Full marks: 100
1. Answer the following questions: 1x12=12
(a) Which
city is known as “Financial Capital” of India?
Ans: Mumbai.
(b) Who was
the leader of social movement in Jharkhand?
Ans: Birsha Munda.
(c) What is
the full form of 'AIWC”?
Ans: All India Women's Conference.
(d) Name the
major religions existing in India.
Ans: Hindus, Muslim, Christian, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain religions.
(e) What is
Colonialism?
Ans: Colonialism simply means the establishment of rule by one
country over another.
(f) Who wrote
the book “An Essay on the Principle of Population”?
Ans:Thomas Robert Malthus.
(g) Caste in
an example of open/closed stratification.
(h) What is
the meaning of Demography?
Ans: Demography
involves the statistical study of human population. As a very general science,
it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, which varies with time or
space (see population dynamics).
(i) The term
“Dalit” was coined by Dr. Ambedkar. (Yes/ No.)
(j) Who is M.
N. Srinivas?
Ans: Prof. M. N. Srinivas was an author who has written about
Indian Caste System.
(k) In which
year the tea industry started in India?
Ans: 1840.
(l) What is
meant by ‘Corporate Culture”?
Ans:Corporate
culture is a branch of management theory that seeks to increase productivity
and competitiveness through the creation of a unique organizational culture
involving all members of a firm.
2. Define Social Stratification. 2
Ans: Social stratification refers to the hierarchical
arrangement of different classes of society into 'levels' or subgroups whose
members share the same position in the hierarchy.
3. Write the meaning of Democracy. 2
Ans: Demography is the systematic study of
population. Demography studies the trends and processes associated with a
population, including changes in population size, patterns of birth, death and
migration, the composition and structure of a population such as the relative
proportion of females, males, and different age groups.
4. What do you mean by Political Party? 2
Ans: A political party is an organization established
for the purpose of obtaining government powers through the electoral process.
5. Define Tribe. 2
Ans: Tribe is a modern term,
which refers to very old communities, being one of the oldest inhabitants of
the subcontinent. The tribal communities followed no religion with written
text, had no state class division and had no caste and were neither Hindus nor farmers.
The term tribe was used in the colonial era to refer to a very specific group
of communities, mainly for administrative convenience.
6. What do you mean
by other backward Caste? 2
Ans: In India,
there was a large group of castes who were of low status and subjected to
different levels of discrimination. The Constitution of India also recognizes
the possibility that there may be groups other than Scheduled Tribes and
Scheduled Castes who suffer from social disadvantage. These groups were described
as 'socially' and educationally backward classes. This is the constitutional
basis of the popular term 'Other Backward Classes' (OBC).
7. Define
Westernization. 2
Ans:
Secularization means the process of decline in the influence of religion.
Modernization theorists believe that modern societies have become increasingly
secular. Indicators of secularism are the decline in the influence of religious
organizations on the people, the decline in the level of participation with
religious organizations, etc.
8. What do you mean
by Kinship? 2
Ans: In common
parlance, kinship is understood to be that part of culture that deals with
thoughts or ideas about a relationship or relationship through birth and
marriage.
9. What is the
meaning of Sanskritization? 2
Ans:
Sanskritization can be defined as the process by which, a lower caste or tribe
transfers the customs, rituals, beliefs, ideology and lifestyle of a higher and
especially a Dwij (Dwij) caste.
10. Write the meaning
of “Bonded Labour.” 2
Ans: Lack of
resources and dependence on the landlord class for economic, social and
political support meant that many of the working poor were tied to the
landlords in 'hereditary' labor relations (bonded labour), as in the Halpati
system in Gujarat and the Karnataka system zeta.
11. Define Dominant
Caste. 2
Ans: Contribution
of the concept of 'dominant caste' by M.N. Srinivas. The term 'dominant caste'
refers to those castes which had a large population and were given land rights
after independence. Their large numbers gave them political power in an era of
electoral democracy based on universal adult suffrage, while land reforms
emerged in Indian society.
12. Mention two basic process of Social Change. 2
Ans: (i) Invention & (ii) Accumulation.
13. Write the meaning
of Ecological Movements. 2
Ans: Ecological
movements mainly started because of the destructive use of natural resources by
the government or big companies, which caused havoc for the local people. For
example, large dams displaced people from their homes and sources of
livelihood.
14. Explain briefly
about the achievements of Indian Population Policy. 4
Ans: Following are
some of the demographic achievements of India:
(i) India
reduced the birth rate from 40.8 in 1951 to 24.1 in 2004.
(ii) India
reduced the infant mortality rate from 146 per 1000 live births in 1951 to 58
per 1000 live births in 2004.
(iii) The death
rate of crude oil decreased from 25 in 1951 to 7.5 in 2004.
(iv) Life
expectancy increased from 37 years to 62 years.
(v) The total
fertility rate fell from 6.0 in 1951 to 3.0 in 2004.
15. “Caste system is
a discriminatory system.” – Discuss.
4
Ans: The caste
system is a distinct Indian social institution that legitimizes and enforces
the practices of discrimination against people born into particular castes.
These practices of discrimination are degrading, exclusionary and exploitative.
Historically,
the caste system classified people on the basis of their occupation and status.
Each caste was associated with an occupation, meaning that individuals born in
a particular caste were also 'born' in the occupation associated with their
caste – they had no choice. Each caste also had a specific place in the
hierarchy of social status. Social and economic status should have been sharply
separated in rigid scriptures. For example, the ritualistic Brahmins of the
highest caste were not considered to have collective wealth, and were subject
to the secular power of the kings and rulers of the Kshatriya castes. On the
other hand, despite having supreme secular status and power, the king was
subordinate to the Brahmin in the ritual-religious sphere.
16. Describe briefly
the main features of Tribe. 4
Ans: The main
characteristics of tribe are:-
(i) The tribal
people did not follow the religion with the written text.
(ii) The tribals
did not have any state or political organization of the normal type.
(iii) The tribals
had no caste and were neither Hindus nor farmers.
(iv) The tribals
lived in different geographical locations and followed natural lifestyle
according to the geographical location.
17. “India is a
secular state.” – Explain. 4
Ans: In the western
sense, secularism means the separation of church and state. In the West,
secularism was concerned with the replacement of religious beliefs with the
advent of modernity and the rise of science and rationality.
The Indian
meaning of secularism includes the Western meaning along with some other
meanings. Secularism in India primarily means that the Indian state shows equal
respect to all religions, and not just separates the state from religion. Here
the secular Indian state declares a public holiday to mark all religious
festivals.
Secularism in
India is also seen as an opposition to communalism. Secularism in this sense is
the opposite of religious fundamentalism, although it does not require enmity
with religion.
The Indian
Constitution in its Preamble declares India to be a secular state. The
constitution provided fundamental rights to all its citizens irrespective of
all artificial differences like religion, caste etc. Thus, India is a secular
state.
18. Discuss about
rural-urban differences. 4
Ans: Difference
between rural and urban society:
(i) Rural
society is simple, on the other hand urban society is complex.
(ii) Rural
society is based on agriculture. Urban society is industry based.
(iii) Social
contacts and relations are more in rural society, but social contacts and
relations are less in urban society.
Or
‘Cultural
diversity of India' – Discuss.
Ans:
India has a history of cultural diversity spanning thousands of years. People
have been living in India since the Stone Age. People from different regions of
the world came to India. They became one with the Indian culture. This has led
to the development of the entire Indian culture. We are all Indians living in
different parts of the country. Though we have diversity in our languages,
literature and art, as Indians we are all one. This diversity has created a
sense of unity among Indians. This diversity has enriched our social life.
Indian Languages: Many languages are spoken in India. Hindi and English are
the two languages used in our country. Marathi is the state language of
Maharashtra. Festival Celebrations: Different people live in India like Hindus,
Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, Christians, Jains and Parsis etc. Various festivals
in India are celebrated with great joy and happiness. Agriculture is the main
occupation in our country. Many of our festivals are related to agriculture and
the environment. Dussehra, Diwali, Holi are celebrated in Maharashtra, Baisakhi
in Punjab, IruvakPunnam in Andhra Pradesh, Pongal in Tamil Nadu and Onam in
Kerala. Ramzam - Eid, Christmas, Buddha Pornima, Samvatsari and Patti are also
important festivals. Be it any religious festival, all Indians take part in it
happily. They greet each other, this increases a sense of unity among them.
Costumes and Food: We find diversity in the clothing and food habits of
Indians. The clothing depends on the climate, physical characteristics and
traditions of the respective regions. Our food habits are also diverse due to
climatic conditions, crops and other geographical factors. For example, the
people of Punjab eat dal-tom while the people living in the coastal areas eat
rice and fish. Shelter: There is also diversity in the construction of houses.
19. Describe briefly
about the urbanization in Independent India. 4
Ans: Urbanization
simply means the process of development of towns and cities. With the advent of
industrialization, the pace of urbanization is increasing.
Due to
urbanisation, urban centers become highly populated – which creates a heavy
burden on infrastructure such as roads, sanitation, water supply, communication
systems, etc. Also the development of industrial townships in the middle of the
villages leaves some villages completely desolate. The influx of migrant
workers not only stimulates demand for homes and markets, but also creates
problems or systemic relationships between natives and immigrants.
20. Discuss about the
power and responsibility of Panchayat. 4
Ans:
Constitutionally, Panchayats should be given the power and authority to
function as institutions of local self-government. The following powers and
responsibilities were entrusted to the Panchayats.
(i) To prepare
plans and plans for economic development.
(ii) To promote
schemes promoting social justice.
(iii) levy and
collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, tees, etc.
(iv) To help in
devolution of government responsibilities.
Like self-government,
the Panchayat also has to bear the burden of some social welfare
responsibilities.
Some such responsibilities are:
(i) Maintenance
o Burial and cemetery.
(ii) Recording
the status of births and deaths.
(iii) Promotion
of family planning.
(iv) Establishment
of child welfare centres.
(v) Promotion of
agricultural activities etc.
21. Write a note on
globalisation and mass media. 4
Ans:
Globalization simply means increasing interdependence and interdependence among
the nations of the world. The whole concept of globalization cannot be
explained in only one way to understand. Different academic disciplines may
focus on different aspects of globalization.
Globalization
means mixing the global with the local, globalization is neither completely
spontaneous nor completely separate from the commercial interests of
globalization. Globalization can often be seen as a strategy adopted by foreign
firms to increase their marketability while dealing with local conventions. For
example, in India, television channels like Star, MTV, Channel V etc. are using
Indian languages to enhance their marketing potential. This is an example of
globalization.
Mass media
refers to the means of communication that reach a mass audience. Thus mass
media includes television, newspapers, films, magazines, radio, CDs etc.
Under British
rule newspapers and magazines, films and radio included the mass-media
category. The radio was wholly owned by the state. Newspapers and films,
although autonomous from the state, where strictly monitored by the Raj.
Newspapers and magazines were not much different as the literate masses were
limited.
22. What are the
functions of mass media? 4
Ans: The main
function of mass media is to spread information, knowledge, news and ideas etc.
to the mass audience. The relationship between mass media and society is
dialectical. Both guess each other. The nature and role of mass media is
influenced by the society whereas mass media also speculates on the society.
During the colonial period, the mass media nurtured and organized the
anti-colonial masses but after independence Jawaharlal Nehru, the country's
first Prime Minister, called upon the media to act as the watchdogs of
democracy. The media was expected to spread the spirit of self-reliance and
national development among the people. In the early years of independence, the
media was seen as a means of informing the people about the various development
efforts of the government. The media was also encouraged to fight against the
oppression of social practices like untouchability, child marriage, illiteracy
etc. Thus, the functions of mass media change with the nature and needs of the
society.
23. Discuss about
Chipko movement or social movements. 4
Ans: Chipko
movement is a good example of ecological movement in the foothills of
Himalayas. In this movement villagers joined together some oak and rhododendron
forests near their villages. When Govt. Forest contractors who came to cut the
trees, a large number of villagers including women surrounded them to stop the
felling of trees. Actually the Hindi word chipko means long. Thus, the
villagers saved the forest on which the villagers depended for firewood, fodder
and other daily necessities. Thus, the question of cutting trees was really a question
of the essence of the villagers.
First, the
historical context differs greatly between the old and new social movements.
Older social movements were either class based such as the working class or the
parents movement or the anti-colonial movement. Thus the older social movements
clearly saw the reorganization of power relations as a central goal. On the
other hand, the new social movements are neither class based nor about the
reorganization of state power.
Secondly, the
older social movements worked within the framework of political parties. For
example, the Indian National Congress led the Indian National Movement. But the
new social movements are non-partisan in character. New social movements such
as women's groups, environmental movements and tribal activists are
non-political and non-partisan in character.
24. Write about the Malthusian theory of population
growth. 6
Ans: Robert Malthus's theory of population growth was
outlined in his essay on population published in 1798. Malthus argued that the
human population grows at a much faster rate than the rate at which humans can
produce a means of subsistence, especially food, that is, agriculture. Grow.
Therefore, humanity is condemned to live in poverty forever because the growth
of agricultural production will always exceed population growth. According to
Malthus, prosperity can be increased only by controlling population growth.
Unfortunately, humanity has a limited ability to voluntarily reduce the growth
of its population (by preventive checks such as after marriage or by practicing
sexual abstinence or celibacy). Malthus therefore believed that positive
control over population growth in the form of famines and diseases was
inevitable, as he wired nature to deal with the imbalance between the food
supply and the growing population. Malthus' prediction proved to be false, as
both food production and living standards continued to rise despite rapid
population growth. Liberal and Marxist scholars also criticized Malthus, who
argued that problems such as poverty and hunger were caused by unequal
distribution of economic resources rather than by population growth.
25. Define Caste. Discuss in brief the major
characteristics of caste. 2+4=6
Ans: According to Arnold Green, “Caste is a system of
stratification in which mobility, up and down the status ladder, at least
ideally may not occur.”
According to
Cooley, “When a class is some what strictly hereditary, we may call it a
caste.”
Following are
the main characteristics of caste:
(i)
Segmental division of society: Under the caste system the society is
divided into many smaller social groups called castes. Each of these castes is
a well-developed social group whose membership is based on birth. Since
membership is based on birth, it is impossible to move from one caste to
another. Each caste has its own traditional social status, occupation, customs
rules and regulations.
(ii)
Hierarchy: Prof. According to Ghurye there are about 200 castes in each
linguistic region which can be classified and arranged in a hierarchy on the
basis of their social preference. At the top of this hierarchy is the
untouchable caste.
(iii) Lack
of unrestricted choice of occupation: The choice of occupation is not free
under the caste system. Each caste or group of allied castes is traditionally
associated with a particular occupation. Occupations are hereditary and members
of a caste are expected to follow their traditional occupation without fail.
(iv)
Prohibition on marriage: The castes are divided into sub-castes and each
sub-caste is an endogamous group. According to some thinkers, endogamous
marriage is the essence of the caste system. Each caste or sub-caste insists
that its members should marry within the group.
Or
Discuss the role of colonialism in the
emergence of new markets.
Ans: The advent of colonialism in India
caused great upheaval in the economy, causing disruption in production, trade
and agriculture. A good example is the decline of the handloom industry due to
the introduction of cheap manufactured fabrics from England. Before the
colonization of the British. India was a major supplier of manufactured goods
to the market. But after colonization, India became a source of raw materials
and rather than a supplier, it became a consumer of manufactured goods mainly
for the benefit of the industrialization of England. During the colonial
period, taking advantage of the changing economic scenario, many new merchant
communities emerged and maintained economic power even after independence. A
good example of this process is the Marwari community. It was during the
colonial period that the Marwari’s became a successful trading community.
Above all, we
must not forget that the Indian economy was completely monetized during the
colonial period.
These are the
changes that colonialism brought in the Indian economy.
In addition,
colonialism led to the creation of trading cities like Calcutta, Mumbai, etc.
The British settled in the coastal cities and traded and traded all over India.
Some modern Indian cities were built by the British mainly for trade purposes.
26. Define
Communalism. Discuss in brief major characteristics of communalism. 2+4=6
Ans: Communalism
is nothing but ideologies that tries to encourage religious views of one
religion among people and who are completely against the views of other
religious groups.
Communalism has
been described as a means of mobilizing people in favour and against by
appealing on the basis of communalism, the basic features of communalism are as
follows-
(i) Communalism
is an ideological concept.
(ii) It rests
mostly on prejudices,
(iii) it has a
broad base which includes social, economic and political aspects to its
manifestations,
(iv) It causes
rivalry and violence among the masses,
(v) It is used
by the upper class people and the elite as a means of division and
exploitation.
(vi) It strikes
at the roots of secularism and national integration.
27. What is Green
Revolution? Explain the consequences of green revolution. 2+4=6
Ans: Green Revolution was a government program of agricultural
modernization. It was largely funded by international agencies on the basis of
hybrid seeds with pesticides, fertilizers etc. Green Revolution programs were
started only in those areas which had assured irrigation. It mainly targeted
wheat and rice growing areas.
The social
consequences of the Green Revolution are as follows:
First, the
Green Revolution increased inequalities in rural areas. Wealthy farmers who had
land capital, technical know-how and who could invest in new seeds and
fertilizers could increase their production and earn more money while the poor
stagnated or became poorer.
Secondly, the
introduction of machinery like tillers, tractors, harvesters, etc. led to the
displacement of the service caste group, which carried out these agricultural
activities.
Third, due to
the Green Revolution in many places, there was displacement of the
cultivators-farmers. As the Green Revolution made farming more profitable,
landlords took back land directly from their tenants for cultivation.
Fourth, the
Green Revolution has grown rather than diminished, mainly for two reasons, protecting
farmers' livelihoods. Firstly, the farmers who once grew food grains for
consumption are now dependent on the market for their income.
Or
What do you
mean by Agrarian structure? Discuss briefly about caste and class agrarian
society in India.
Ans: The
term agricultural structure is often used to refer to the structure or
distribution of land holdings.
Agricultural
societies differ from normal or primitive societies in that they move from
surplus to surplus by the use of more efficient technology in agriculture.
These are class relations that Betil defines as being related to the ownership,
use and control of land. In addition to this class relation, Bethel says that
in India also there are caste relations in agriculture based on lifestyle.
Caste relations are more clear, clearly defined and sharper than class
relations which are often overlapping and less visible than caste. Both are
equally important in agriculture but due to this caste has been studied more
than class.
Thus, castes
are named and determined on the basis of birth for each individual, but classes
such as landlords, tenants and laborers are not fixed so that a person may
belong to several such categories. Bethel says that the agrarian society in
India can be understood in terms of both class and caste and that there is a
dual relationship between caste and class. First, class relations are legalized
and accepted by the caste system. The lifestyle of the upper castes requires
them to work with their hands (not to work) and this is a powerful
acknowledgment of their upper-class ranking. Secondly, there is a direct
relationship between caste and class as Brahmins and Rajputs were traditionally
land owners, middle castes were traditionally tenants and lower castes or
untouchables are labourers.
***
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