AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2020| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2020
LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
1. Give very short answers: 1x12=12
(a) What is
the essence of Induction? 1
Ans:- "inductive
leap or hazard" is the essence of induction.
(b) Does
Analogy depend on Law of Causation? 1
Ans:- Yes,
the analogy depends on the law of causation.
(c) What kind
of proposition does Scientific Induction establish? 1
Ans:- Scientific
induction establishes general true propositions.
(d) ‘The
ground of Induction is the result of Induction’ – Who made this statement? 1
Ans:- J. S. Mill.
(e) Name the
hypothesis with the help of which the planet Neptune was discovered. 1
Ans:- perturbation hypothesis.
(f) How many
instances are required for the Method of Agreement? 1
Ans:- Two
or more instances of an event (effect) are compared to see what they have in
common.
(g) Who is
the Propounder of Scientific Realism? 1
Ans:- John Locke.
(h) Give an
example of Primary Quality. 1
Ans:- Thus
colour, taste, smell, heat and cold.
(i) Give an
example of Non-Moral action. 1
Ans:- storm,
flood, famine etc.
(j) What is
the ideal of Ethics? 1
Ans:- It
evaluates the voluntary actions and habitual actions of individuals and
considers whether they are right or wrong.
(k) “Religion
is morality touched with emotion” – Who said this? 1
Ans:- Mathew Arnold.
(l) What is
meaning of the Latin word ‘Religare’?
1
Ans:- Religare
is a Latin word meaning to bind together.
2. Give the definition of Unscientific Induction. 2
Ans. Unscientific induction is the establishment of
a general real proposition on the ground of mere uniform or uncontradicted
experience without any attempt at explaining a causal connection.
3. What is ‘material cause’? Give an example. 1+1=2
Ans. The material or substance from which a thing
is made is called the material cause. For example – Bronze of a statue,
letters of a syllable.
4. Define ‘Plurality of Causes’ with a suitable
example. 1+2=2
Ans:- The principle of plurality of causes means that
some effects may arise from different causes in different cases. For example:
Light can be generated by Sun, Moon, Initiation, Lightning etc.
Or
Mention two
points of difference between Observation and Experiment. 2
Ans:- The
main difference between observational study and experimental design is that a
well-conducted observational study does not influence the participants'
responses, whereas in experiments certain types of treatment conditions are
applied by random assignment to at least some of the participants.
5. Why is Ethics called Normative Science? 2
Ans:- Ethics is a normative science that examines
moral principles and behavior. It is concerned with the determination of right
and wrong, good, and bad in human conduct. It not only explains how people
behave but it also evaluates and judges their behavior on the basis of moral
standards.
6. Give Mill’s definition of the Method of Residue. 2
Ans:- Method of Residues: J.S. A method of scientific
induction, devised by Mill, according to which if one infers from an event that
some known part by previous inductions is the effect of some antecedents, then
the rest of the event is the effect of the rest of the antecedents.
Or
Give a concrete
example of the Joint Method of Agreement and Difference. 2
Ans:- This
situation is an example of Mill's combined method of agreement and difference:
the first four students are proof that all the people who got sick ate
coleslaw, and the four matched pairs are proof that everyone who got sick ate
coleslaw.
7. Mention any two conditions of a valid hypothesis. 2
Ans:- A scientific hypothesis must meet two criteria:
a scientific hypothesis must be testable, and a scientific hypothesis must be
falsifiable.
8. Define voluntary action. How many stages are there in
a voluntary action? 1+1=2
Ans:- Voluntary actions are actions taken by an agent
knowingly and intentionally to realize some foresight. They are acts done
voluntarily or voluntarily. There are three stages of voluntary action. mental
state, physical state and the external state of the result.
9. Give two points of differences between Primary Quality
and Secondary Quality. 2
Ans:-
The two points of difference between primary qualities and secondary qualities
are –
(i) Primary
qualities are the fundamental qualities for the human being. But secondary
qualities are not fundamental qualities for human being.
(ii) External
objects are main shelter of primary qualities. But both external objects and
knower’s mind is the main shelter of secondary qualities.
10. Give an example of ‘hypothesis concerning Law’. 2
Ans:- Hypothesis concerning law related with the law
of operation. Suppose the agent is known but the plan or rule according to
which its acts may be unknown in such cases we frame Hypothesis concerning law.
To an example from Science Newton knew the agents the Sun, the Earth and Moon
but the way they acted upon each other may be unknown, Newton suppose that
their motion might be due to their attraction one another in a particular way
on the basis of this supposition Newton discovered law of gravitation and law
of operation.
Or
Define
‘working hypothesis’. 2
Ans:- A
working hypothesis is a hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as the basis
for ongoing research in the hope that a theory will be produced, even if the
hypothesis ultimately fails.
[Coming soon]
***
LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY SOLVED PAPERS PAGE LINK - Click here
BUY E-BOOK (PDF FILE)
[TO SEE FULL SOLUTION]
(Chapter wise Notes, Exam Question Papers solved, MCQ solved) [ARTS, COMMERCE, SCIENCE]
|
DOWNLOAD PAGE LINK:-CLICK HERE |
AHSEC PAGE LINK - CLICK HERE