IGNOU| ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND MANAGEMENT (MEV - 003)| SOLVED PAPER – (DEC - 2022)| (PGDEOH)
POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN
ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH (PGDEOH)
Term-End Examination
December, 2022
MEV-003
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND MANAGEMENT
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 100
Note: (i) Answer any six questions in Section A in
about 100 words. Each question carries 5 marks.
(ii) Answer any
seven questions in Section B in about 200 words. Each question carries 10
marks.
Section-A
1. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Vienna
Convention
Ans:- The
Vienna Convention provides an overall framework for the establishment,
maintenance and termination of diplomatic relations between independent
sovereign states on the basis of consent.
There are
several Vienna Convention matches, including:
(i) Vienna
Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer: Concluded in 1985, this
framework agreement aims to promote cooperation among nations to protect the
ozone layer. The convention commits countries to take measures to protect human
health and the environment from ozone depletion.
(ii) Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations: Adopted in 1961, this treaty
establishes the rules and regulations for diplomatic relations between
countries, and establishes the privileges that diplomats enjoy in other
countries.
(iii) Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties: Also known as the "Treaty on
Treaties", this agreement regulates treaties between different states.
(b) Rotterdam
Convention
Ans:- The
Rotterdam Convention is an international treaty designed to facilitate informed
decision-making by countries regarding trade in hazardous chemicals.
The Rotterdam
Convention is a legally binding multilateral environmental agreement that
promotes shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among parties to the
international trade of certain hazardous chemicals. This convention was adopted
by the Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rotterdam (Netherlands) in 1998. The
secretariat of the conference is in Geneva, Switzerland.
This
convention establishes a procedure for obtaining and exchanging information
between countries regarding certain hazardous chemicals. It also establishes
labeling requirements for the export of chemicals included in the PIC process,
as well as for other chemicals that are restricted or severely restricted in
the exporting country.
The conference
has been unable to reach consensus on the listing of chrysotile asbestos, also
known as white asbestos. All types of asbestos except chrysotile asbestos are
listed under the Rotterdam Convention.
The ninth
meeting of the Rotterdam Conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland from 29
April to 10 May 2019.
2. Discuss ISO 14001.
Ans:- ISO 14001 is an international standard that
sets requirements for environmental management systems (EMS). This standard was
created by the International Organization for Standardization in 1996.
The standard
helps organizations improve their environmental performance:
(i) To use
resources more efficiently
(ii) Reducing
waste
(iii)
Preventing pollution
(iv)
Minimizing waste
(v) Reducing
energy and material consumption
The standard also
aims to help organizations achieve environmental sustainability by striking a
balance between the environment, society and economy.
Some of the
benefits of ISO 14001 include:
(i) Improvement
in tender opportunities
(ii) Ensuring
legal compliance
(iii) Reducing
insurance premium
(iv)
Increasing profitability
(v) Increasing
efficiency
(vi)
Improvement in employee morale
To obtain ISO
14001 certification, an organization typically selects a registrar who performs
registration audits and regular monitoring audits. During these audits, the
auditor checks whether the organization's EMS meets the requirements of the
standard.
There are two
types of ISO 14001 audits: internal and external. Internal audit is usually
conducted by an employee of the company.
3. Explain the salient features of the Forest
(Conservation) Act, 1980.
Ans:- The Forest Conservation Act (FCA) of 1980 has
several salient features:
(i)
Authority of the Central Government: The Central Government has full
authority to carry out the objectives of the Act.
(ii)
Restrictions on State Government: The State Government and other
authorities are prohibited from taking decisions without the permission of the
Central Government.
(iii)
Forest National Asset: Forest is considered as national asset.
(iv)
Diversion of forest land: The Central Government should approve diversion
of forest land for non-forestry purposes.
(v)
Advisory Committee: An advisory committee may be constituted to assist the
Central Government and advise it on matters relating to forest conservation.
(vi)
Penalty: Section 3-A of the Act provides that whoever contravenes or abets
the contravention of any of the provisions of section 2 mentioned above, shall
be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to fifteen
days Can be extended up to.
This Act ensures
the conservation of forest land. It focuses on balancing economic development
and environmental protection.
Features of
Forest Conservation Act 1980: This Act prevents the State Government and
other authorities from taking decisions without the permission of the Central
Government. The Forest Conservation Act gives complete authority to the Central
Government to carry out the objectives of the Act.
4. Write a brief note on Agenda 21.
Ans:- Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the
United Nations regarding sustainable development. It was created as a result of
the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. It is a comprehensive action plan for UN
organizations, governments and key groups in every area of human impact on the
environment.
Agenda 21 is
divided into four sections:
(i) Social and
economic dimensions
(ii)
Conservation and management of resources for development
(iii)
Strengthening the role of dominant groups
(iv)
Cross-cutting issues
The chapters of
Agenda 21 discuss a range of issues including poverty, hunger, resource
consumption and ecosystem degradation. They also call for the conservation of
biological diversity, sustainable use of natural resources, and prevention of
pollution and environmental degradation.
Agenda 21 is not
a treaty or convention, and has no legally binding force. However, it has been
widely endorsed by governments and other organizations, and has been used as a
framework for sustainable development initiatives around the world.
The implementation
of Agenda 21 has faced many challenges, including lack of funding, political
will and technical expertise. However, there have also been several successes,
such as an increase in protected areas and a reduction in ozone-depleting
substances.
Overall, Agenda
21 remains an important framework for sustainable development. It provides a
blueprint for action that can be used to address the challenges of the 21st
century.
Agenda 21 is a
massive document of 40 chapters that outlines a 'plan of action' for
sustainable development, covering a wide range of specific natural resources
and the role of different groups, as well as social and economic development
and implementation issues. Are. Are included.
5. Explain the techniques for the detection of Coliform
bacteria.
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