AHSEC| CLASS 11| LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2020| H.S.1ST YEAR
2020LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHYFull Marks: 100Time: 3 hoursThe figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
1. Answer the following as directed: 1x12=12
(a) Find out the correct answer:
(i) Logic is a positive/normative science.
(ii) Logic is related with perception/ inference.
(b) Fill up the blanks:
(i) Logic is the science and arts both.
(ii) The statement ‘esse est percipi’ is found in the philosophy of George Berkeley.
(c) Which of the following statement is true?
(i) Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume are the advocates of rationalism.
(ii) Gotama is the founder of Nyaya School of Indian philosophy.
Ans:- (ii) Gotama is the founder of Nyaya School of Indian philosophy.
(d) How many valid moods are there in the fourth figure of a syllogism?
Ans:- Aristotle accepted 14 valid moods officially and 5 unofficially; Since 5 of these 19 syllogisms have universal conclusions, the number of valid moods can be increased to 24 by moving to their corresponding particular propositions (i.e., from "all" to "some").
(e) Who introduced the doctrine of ‘innate ideas’?
Ans:- Descartes.
(f) How many Pramanas are accepted by Carvaka School?
Ans:- Only one, The most important principle of Charvaka philosophy is that direct evidence is the only evidence. Since nothing called soul is visible separate from the body. Therefore there is no place for the soul in this philosophy.
(g) Give examples of connotative and non-connotative terms.
Ans:- Connotative: For example:- The word 'man' is Connotative because it denotes all 'men' and denotes the qualities of 'animality' and 'rationality'.
Non-Connotative: For example:- The word 'whiteness' is a non-Connotative word, because it only conveys the symptoms and qualities and does not convey any thing.
(h) Find out the correct answer:
According to realism, the object of knowledge has independent existence/ no independent existence.
(i) What is the type of relation between denotation and connotation of term?
Ans:- Connotation and denotation are two ways of looking at the same word. The denotation of a word refers to the dictionary definition of its meaning. The connotation of a word refers to the feeling or emotion that arises from a word and is associated with its literal meaning.
(j) The word ‘philosophy’ is derived from two Greek words. What are these words?
Ans:- The word philosophy comes from two Greek words, philos, meaning friend or lover, and sophia, meaning wisdom.
(k) Give a definition of realism.
Ans:- Realism, in philosophy, the view that corresponds to the existence or nature of things known or understood, regardless of whether one is thinking about them or understanding them.
(l) What are the two main classifications of Indian philosophy?
Ans:- Indian philosophical systems are classified into two classes called orthodox (theist) and vidarmi (atheist). Here the word theist or atheist does not mean a believer or a believer in God or an atheist – that is, does not believe in God.
2. Give two points of difference between formal truth and material truth. 2
Ans:- There are two differences between formal truth and physical truth:-
(i) Formal truth concerns how well an argument conforms to the rules of logic in arriving at a conclusion that must be true, assuming that the premises are true.
(ii) Material truth concerns whether the conclusion of an argument is true or not, at least to the extent that the truth can be determined.
3. Write a short note on epistemology. 2
Ans:- Epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature, origins, and limits of human knowledge. The term is derived from the Greek episteme ("knowledge") and logos ("reason"), and accordingly the field is sometimes known as the theory of knowledge. Epistemology has a long history in Western philosophy, beginning with the ancient Greeks and continuing to the present. Along with metaphysics, logic and ethics, it is one of the four main branches of philosophy and almost every great philosopher has contributed to it.
4. What are the fundamental laws of thought? 2
Ans:- Laws of Thought Traditionally, there are three fundamental laws of logic: (i) the law of contradiction, (ii) the law of the excluded middle (or third), and (iii) the principle of identity.
5. What is term? Mention the various types of terms. 1+1=2
Ans:- A sign by which a simple proposal (verbal, written or mental) is made. It is the last important element into which a sentence or proposition can be resolved.
Term are basically divided into mental, spoken and written words. There are all three types of symptoms; They indicate something other than themselves. A concept or mental term is a sign of an object; The spoken or written word is immediately indicative of a concept, but primarily indicative of an object. The spoken and written words, since they are both instrumental and conventional signs, are distinct from the mental word, which is a formal and natural sign.
6. What is simplification of proposition? Mention the four-fold scheme of propositions. 1+1=2
Ans:- In propositional logic, disjunctive elimination (also called elimination, ∧ elimination, or simplification) is a valid immediate inference, argument form, and rule of inference that infers that, if the conjunctions A and B are true, then A is true. . A and B are true.
This distinction, along with the distinction based on quality, gives us four types of plans, viz. Universal positive, particular positive, universal negative, particular negative. These are respectively A.I.E.O. Are. Given by letters.
7. What is meant by distribution of term? 2
Ans:- The distribution of words relates to two basic points: (i) the classes specified by subject and predicate words (rose, redness); and (ii) the extent to which these classes are captured or distributed (fully or only partially).
8. Mention the modern classification of proposition. What are the types of simple proposition? 1+1=2
Ans:- The modern classification of prepositions is divided into three types, which are: simple, compound and simple. Proposition is a term used to classify a statement that is either a true sentence or a false sentence.
There is no conjunction in a simple proposal. These contain only one verb and do not appear to have any complex meaning. Simple propositions are classified into two types, a) Subject-less propositions, b) Subject-predicate propositions, subject-predicate propositions are further classified.
9. What is obversion? Give examples. 1+1=2
Ans:- Obversion, in syllogistic, or traditional, logic, is the transformation of a categorical proposition (q.v.), or statement, into a new proposition, in which (i) the subject term is unchanged, (ii) the predicate is replaced by its contradictory, and (iii) The quality of the offer changes from positive to negative or vice versa. Thus the opposite of "Every man is mortal" is "No man is immortal." Because the antecedent of any categorical proposition is logically equivalent to it, inference is a form of immediate inference.
10. Define inference. What are the kinds of inference? 1+1=2
Ans:- Inference is the process of going from one or more propositions to other propositions, being justified by them, and the product is called an inference.
Inference is broadly divided into deductive and inductive. In deductive inference, the conclusion cannot be more general than the premises or the premises whereas in inductive inference, the conclusion must be more general than the premises. Therefore, in deductive inference we move from the general to the specific.
11. What is fallacy of four terms? Give an example. 1+1=2
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