IGNOU| MANAGEMENT THEORY (ECO - 03)| SOLVED PAPER – (DEC - 2023)| (BDP)| ENGLISH MEDIUM
BACHELOR'S DEGREE PROGRAMME
Term-End Examination
December - 2023
(ELECTIVE COURSE: COMMERCE)
ECO-03
MANAGEMENT THEORY
Time: 2 hours
Maximum Marks: 50
(Weightage: 70%)
Note: Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks.
हिंदी माध्यम: यहां क्लिक करें
1. Discuss the principles of delegation of authority with
suitable examples. 10
Ans:- The principles of delegation of authority are
fundamental in management, ensuring effective distribution of tasks and
responsibilities.
Here are some
key points based on available sources:-
(i)
Definition of Delegation: Delegation involves handing over authority to
another person to perform specific activities. It is a core concept in
management leadership, enabling managers to share workload and empower
subordinates.
(ii)
Elements of delegation:-
(a)
Authority: The right to take decisions and give orders efficiently. It
should be well defined and accompanied with responsibility to avoid
irresponsible behavior
(b)
Responsibility: Duty to complete assigned tasks. Responsibility without
adequate authority leads to dissatisfaction, while authority without
responsibility leads to ineffectiveness
(iii)
Principles of delegation:-
(a) Balance
between authority and responsibility: There should be a proper balance
between the two. Authority without responsibility or vice versa leads to
problems
(b) Unity of
command: To avoid confusion and ensure effective decision making every
subordinate should receive orders from only one superior and should be accountable
to him.
(c) Unity of
Direction: All activities should be directed by one head to ensure
coordination and avoid duplication of efforts
(d)
Subordination of individual interest to general interest: The interest of
the organization should prevail over individual interests for overall success.
(iv)
Example:-
(a)
Authority: A manager delegating work without necessary authority may hinder
productivity. For example, an employee who is responsible for managing a
department but does not have decision-making authority may lead to
inefficiencies.
(b) Unity of
command: Clear chain of command is important. If an employee receives
conflicting orders from multiple managers, this can lead to confusion and
pressure in the workplace.
In short,
effective delegation of authority involves a careful balance between authority
and responsibility, clear communication through unity of command, and alignment
of individual interests with the goals of the organization. These principles
are essential for organizational success in efficient work distribution and
management practices.
2. Discuss the various types of planning in an
organization. 10
Ans:- There are different types of planning in an
organization:-
(i)
Operational Planning: Operational planning focuses on the day-to-day
activities and short-term goals of an organization. It involves creating
specific plans and procedures to ensure efficient execution of the strategic
and tactical plans of the organization. Operating plans typically cover a time
period of one year or less and are developed by lower-level managers.
(ii)
Tactical Planning: Strategic planning includes medium-term plans and goals
that support the overall strategic direction of the organization. Strategic
plans translate the strategic plan into specific, actionable steps that
different departments or business units need to take. Strategic plans typically
cover a 1–2-year period and are developed by middle managers.
(iii)
Strategic Planning: Strategic planning is the process of defining the
overall direction and objectives of an organization for the long term, usually
3-5 years or more. It involves analyzing the current situation of the
organization, setting high-level goals, and developing plans to achieve those
goals. Strategic planning is generally done by top-level management.
(iv)
Contingency Planning: Contingency planning involves developing alternative
plans that can be used if unexpected events occur that may affect the
organization's ability to achieve its objectives. This type of planning helps
the organization be prepared to respond quickly and effectively to crises or
unplanned events.
In brief, the
main types of planning in an organization are:-
(a)
Operational planning (short-term, day-to-day)
(b) Tactical
Planning (supporting medium-term, strategic goals)
(c) Strategic
planning (defining long-term, overall direction)
(d)
Contingency planning (preparation for unexpected events)
3. Explain Henry Fayol’s administrative theory of
management. 10
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