AHSEC| CLASS 12| LOGIC & PHILOSOPHY| SOLVED PAPER - 2019| H.S. 2ND YEAR
2019
LOGIC AND
PHILOSOPHY
Full Marks:
100
Pass Marks:
30
Time: Three
hours
The figures
in the margin indicate full marks for the questions
1. (a) What is the main subject matter of Logic? 1
Ans:- Reasoning is the main subject matter of
logic.
(b)
Is the conclusion of Unscientific Induction certain? 1
Ans:-
The conclusion of Unscientific Induction is not certain.
(c)
Is there ‘inductive leap’ in Perfect Induction? 1
Ans:-
There is no ‘inductive leap’ in Perfect Induction.
(d)
The Paradox of Induction is connected with the Principle of the Uniformity of
Nature. Is it true? 1
Ans:-
Yes, it is true.
(e)
Which is the first stage of hypothesis suggested by Miss’s definition of
hypothesis? 1
Ans:-
Observation of facts is the first stage of hypothesis suggested by Mill’s
definition of hypothesis.
(f)
What is the meaning of ‘vera causa’? 1
Ans:-
The term ‘vera causa’ literally means a true cause.
(g)
What is the exact object of moral judgement? 1
Ans:-
Voluntary actions and habitual actions are objects of moral judgement.
(h)
Name the theory which states that the external world can be directly known. 1
Ans:-
Naive realism states that the external world can be directly known.
(i)
Is the conclusion of Method of Agreement certain? 1
Ans:-
The conclusion of Method of Agreement is not certain.
(j)
Ethics is a positive science. Is it true? 1
Ans:-
No, it is not true.
(k) From which Sanskrit root the word ‘Dharma’
is derived? 1
Ans:-
‘Dharma’ is derived from the Sanskrit root ‘dhri’ which means ‘to sustain.’
(l)
Which principle of elimination forms the basis of Method of Agreement? 1
Ans:-
“Whatever antecedent can be left out without prejudice to the effect can he no
part of the cause.”
2. State two
points of differences between deduction and induction. 2
Ans: - Logicians classify in terms of
deduction and expulsion: -
(i) The premises
in deduction are considered correct, while the induction complex derives from
experience.
(ii) The
objective of deduction is only on formal truth while the purpose of induction
is on formal and physical truth. The question in deduction is whether the
conclusion is necessarily from the given premises.
3. Why the law of
causation is called the formal ground of induction? 2
Ans: - The law of work-cause guarantees the
formal truth of inductive generalizations.
There are some theories, known as the canons
of elimination, that serve as the cause of deduction and these canons form the
foundation of our inquiry into the cause of an event. To find out whether one
event is the actual cause of other events, we need to check whether it
corresponds to the elimination compartment. Therefore, the formal truth of
inductions depends on Cannes' observance. Since these are truncated due to
canon law, we conclude that the termination of the law is a formal basis of
induction.
4. Define
Scientific Induction. 2
Ans: Scientific
induction is the establishment of a general substantive proposition, which is
based on the observation of particular examples in reliance on the principle of
uniformity of nature and law of causation. Example: All the mean are mortal.
5. State any two
qualitative marks of causation. 2
Ans:- Two
qualitative marks of cause:
(i) The cause is relative to a given
phenomenon called the effect.
(ii) The cause and effect are always events in
time.
Or
Define
conjunction of causes with an example. 2
Ans:-
The acting together of several causes, producing a joint effect is called
conjunction of causes.
For
example:
Hydrogen
and oxygen are mixed together in certain proportion and electric current
passed, the joint effect is water. So, several causes acting together, produce
a joint effect is called conjunction of causes.
6. How many types
of verification are there in a hypothesis and what are these? 2
Ans:- Vertication
of a hypothesis may be done in two ways –
(i) By direct observation or experiment and
(ii) Indirect verification.
Direct verification consists in direct
observation or direct experiment of fact. Verification is indirect, when we
cannot directly observe the supposed cause, but only the consequences deduced
from it.
Or
What
do you mean by analogical hypothesis? 2
Ans:-
Analog hypothesis means a hypothesis that what is true in one set of events may
be true in another set of events, both sets have certain formal properties. For
example: Maxwell established his electromagnetic theory based on the similarity
between gravity and electrostatics.
7. Write two
criticisms of Native Realism. 2
Ans:- Two
criticisms of Native Realism:-
(a) Naive Realism
gives over emphasis on perception.
(b) Naive Realism
cannot explain error, confusion, hallucinations etc.
8. Give a
definition of Idealism in your own words. 2
Ans:- According
to idealism, the mind is the primary reality. Our ideas are not representations
of external of objects independent of minds.
9. Distinguish
between fallacy of non-observation and fallacy of mal-observation. 2
Ans: There are two types of observation both
non-observation and observation, yet there are some differences among them.
There are two main points of difference: -
(A) In non-observation we overlook some things
that should be observed. However, if we accidentally observe, we do not
consider anything as it appears.
(B) In non-observation, the necessary examples
and circumstances of an event are neglected by us and thus we make an error. In
non-observation, the thing is completely ignored. In non-observation we have a
misinterpretation of the sense. Noting is neglected by us. Only we see the
thing wrongly.
10. Write two
advantages of observation as the material ground of Induction. 1+1=2
Ans:
- There are three advantages of observation on experiment:
(i) First, observation can be universally
applied and has a wider scope than experimentation. There are some events that
cannot be reproduced artificially.
(ii) Observation enables us to not fall back from cause to effect as well as from cause to effect and from cause to effect.
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