AHSEC| CLASS 11| SOCIOLOGY| SOLVED PAPER - 2020| H.S.1ST YEAR
2020
SOCIOLOGY
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 30
Time: Three hours
The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.
1. (a) In which country, sociology was first started as separate discipline for teaching? 1
Ans:- United States.
(b) "History is past Sociology and Sociology is present History". Whose statement is this? 1
Ans:- Professor G.E. Howard .
(c) Who first introduced the Concept of Social Control?1
Ans:- Albion Woodbury Small and George Edgar Vincent.
(d) 'Institution is the established forms of procedures' – who said this? 1
Ans:- Robert Morrison MacIver1.
(e) What is Sample? 1
Ans:- The sample is a small group of people who will be studied, drawn from the broader target population. This is because it would usually be impossible to obtain data about a wider group.
(f) Give one definition of social research. 1
Ans:- Social research is the study of social trends, dynamics, and principles that exist between individuals and within society. Professionals conduct social research to better understand the social factors that motivate and influence humans and analyze how and why humans interact with each other.
(g) What is social stratification? 1
Ans:- Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe systems of social prestige. Social stratification refers to the way a society classifies its people into rankings of socio-economic levels based on factors such as wealth, income, caste, education, and power.
(h) Who first coined the term 'ecology’? 1
Ans:- zoologist Ernst Haeckel.
(i) When did Bhopal Gas tragedy occur? 1
Ans:- 2 December 1984.
(j) “Competition is an impersonal, unconscious continuous process. " (Yes or No) 1
(k) Who coined the concept 'Ideal Type'? 1
Ans:- sociologist Max Weber.
(l) Who wrote the book "The Elementary forms of Religious Life'? 1
Ans:- Emile Durkheim.
2. Write two differences between Sociology and Anthropology. 2
Ans:- There are two differences between sociology and anthropology:-
(i) Emphasis on culture and its physical and social characteristics (kinship, language, religion, gender, arts, etc.). Emphasis on society and its origins and development (social classes, institutions and structures, social movements).
(ii) Its historical basis is to study non-Western cultures or, its historical basis is to study industrialized Western societies.
3. Write two differences between Institution and Association. 2
Ans:- There are two differences between institution and association:-
(i) Institutions are traditions and customs that are followed for generations, while associations are formed by people with common interests or goals.
(ii) Associations are concrete (mostly), whereas institutions are abstract (like democracy, marriage etc.).
4. Write the types of status with examples. 2
Ans:- Status is a term that is frequently used in sociology. Broadly speaking, there are two types of status, achieved status and ascribed status.
(i) Achieved status: Achieved status is that which is achieved on the basis of merit; It is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a person's skills, abilities and efforts. For example, being a professional athlete is an achieved status, like being a lawyer, college professor, or even a criminal.
(ii) Ascribed status: On the other hand, conferred status is beyond the control of an individual. It is not acquired, rather it is something that people are either born with or have no control over. Examples of ascribed status include gender, race, and age. Children generally have more ascribed statuses than adults, as they generally have no choice in most cases.
Or
Differentiate between 'Role' and 'Status', 2
Ans:- In all the social groups to which we individually belong, we have a status and a role to fulfill. Status is our relative social position within a group, while role is the part our society expects us to play in a certain situation. For example, a man may have the status of a father in his family.
According to sociologists, *situation* describes the situation that a person lives in in a particular setting. We all occupy many positions and play *roles* associated with them. A role is a set of norms, values, behaviors, and personality characteristics associated with a position.
5. Write two aims of social research. 2
Ans:- The aims of social research, like research in the natural sciences, is to discover new facts or to verify and test old social facts. It attempts to understand human behavior and its interaction with the environment and social institutions.
6. Mention the techniques or methods of data collection in social research. 2
Ans:- Some popular methods of data collection are:-
(i) Observation: The observation method has taken an important place in descriptive sociological research. This is the most important and common technique of data collection. The analysis of questionnaire answers is concerned with what people think and do, as revealed by what they have written on paper. Responses in interviews are revealed by what people express in conversation with the interviewer.
(ii) Interview: Interview as a technique of data collection is very popular and used extensively in every field of social research. Interview is a type of oral questionnaire. Instead of writing down responses, the interviewer or subject gives the necessary information verbally in a face-to-face relationship. However, the dynamics of the interview involve much more than a verbal questionnaire.
7. Differentiate between Caste and Class. 2
Ans:- (i) According to the terminology of Max Weber, castes are considered to be hereditary groups having a fixed ritual status. A person's class is based on social status, wealth and power earned, level of education, and other achievements.
(ii) A person of a caste has to follow certain traditions, rituals and customs. A person of any particular class is not bound by customs, rituals or traditions.
8. What are the two directions of social mobility? Write with examples. 2
Ans:- Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families, or groups through a system of social hierarchy or stratification. If such mobility involves a change in status, especially in occupation, but no change in social class, it is called "horizontal mobility". An example would be a person who moves from a managerial position in one company to a similar position in another. However, if the move involves a change in social class, it is called "vertical mobility" and includes "upward mobility" or "downward mobility". An industrial worker who becomes a wealthy businessman moves up in the class system; A landowner who loses everything in the revolution moves downwards in the system.
9. Differentiate between ecology and environment. 2
Ans:- (i) Environment refers to the interaction between physical, chemical and biological components. Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.
(ii) Environmental issues include pollution, deforestation, global warming and other widespread issues. Ecological issues include population size, diversity, distribution of organisms and competition among them.
10. Mention two environmental problems. 2
Ans:- Environmental problems are the harmful effects of human activities on the environment. These include pollution, over-population, waste disposal, climate change, global warming, greenhouse effect etc.
(i) Climate Change: Climate change is a matter of great concern in today's scenario. This problem has come to light in the last few decades. Greenhouse gases are the main cause of climate change. Environmental changes have many devastating effects like melting of glaciers, change in seasons, epidemics etc.
(ii) Global warming: Greenhouse gases increase in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels, automobiles and emissions of chlorofluorocarbons. Due to this the temperature of the earth has increased which is causing environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the world is known as global warming.
11. Karl Marx mentioned two classes. What are these? 2
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